The second generation was led by Fernand Braudel ( 1902 – 1985 ) and included Georges Duby ( 1919 – 1996 ), Pierre Goubert ( 1915 – 2012 ), Robert Mandrou ( 1921 – 1984 ), Pierre Chaunu ( 1923 – 2009 ), Jacques Le Goff ( 1924 – ) and Ernest Labrousse ( 1895 – 1988 ).

It was during this time that he mentored Fernand Braudel, who would become one of the best-known exponents of this school.

The reciprocal influence between the French school and Polish historiography was particularly evident in studies on the Middle Ages and the early modern era studied by Braudel.

At the time nutmeg was one of the " fine spices " kept expensive in Europe by disciplined manipulation of the market, but a desirable commodity for Dutch traders in the ports of India as well ; economic historian Fernand Braudel notes that India consumed twice as much as Europe.

The agriculture of the countryside had diversified to the point where grain was imported from Morocco ( a symptom of an economy dependent upon Portugal's ), while specialised crops occupied former grain-growing areas: vineyards, olives, or the sugar factories of the Algarve, later to be reproduced in Brazil ( Braudel 1985 ).

It was critically acclaimed by the likes of Maurice Blochot, Michel Serres, Roland Barthes, Gaston Bachelard, and Fernand Braudel, but much to Foucault's upset, largely ignored in the leftist press.

In his essays in social history, written during the 1950s and ' 60s, Trevor-Roper was increasingly influenced by — though he never formally embraced the work of — the French Annales School, especially Fernand Braudel, and did much to introduce the work of the Annales school to the English-speaking world.

In the mid-1970s, Yves Lacoste a French geographer who was directly inspired by Ancel, Braudel and Vidal de la Blache founded l ' Institut Français de Géopolitique ( French Institute for Geopolitics ) that publishes the Hérodote revue.

Fernand Braudel ( 24 August 1902 – 27 November 1985 ) was a French historian and a leader of the Annales School.

Braudel was born in Luméville-en-Ornois ( as of 1943, merged with and part of Gondrecourt-le-Château ), in the département of the Meuse, France, where he also lived with his paternal grandmother for a long time.

Braudel later said that the time in Brazil was the " greatest period of his life.

In 1949 Braudel was elected to the Collège de France upon Febvre ’ s retirement.

Braudel published the first volume of Civilization and Capitalism in 1967, and it was translated as Capitalism and Material Life, 1400 – 1800 in 1973.

According to Braudel, prior to the Annales approach, the writing of history was focused on the courte durée ( short span ), or on histoire événementielle ( a history of events ).

Brown was influenced in his early works by the French Annales School, and specifically the figure of Fernand Braudel.

The article was quoted by William Clark, Immanuel Wallerstein of the Fernand Braudel Center, Greg Moses, and James Robertson.

Fernand Braudel has even called the period 1557 to 1627 the " age of the Genoese ", " of a rule that was so discreet and sophisticated that historians for a long time failed to notice it " ( Braudel 1984 p. 157 ), although the modern visitor passing brilliant Mannerist and Baroque palazzo facades along Genoa's Strada Nova ( now Via Garibaldi ) or via Balbi cannot fail to notice that there was conspicuous wealth, which in fact was not Genoese but concentrated in the hands of a tightly-knit circle of banker-financiers, true " venture capitalists ".

Part of the reason for the massive size of the quilombo at Palmares was because of its location in Brazil, which was at the median point between the Atlantic Ocean and Guinea, an important area of the African slave trade. Quilombo dos Palmares was a self-sustaining republic of escaped slaves from the Portuguese settlements in Brazil, " a region perhaps the size of Portugal in the hinterland of Bahia " ( Braudel 1984 p 390 ).

" Fernand Braudel and the Annales School " online edition

* Trevor-Roper, H. R. " Fernand Braudel, the Annales, and the Mediterranean ," The Journal of Modern History, Vol.

*" Fernand Braudel, the Annales, and the Mediterranean ," The Journal of Modern History Vol.

Braudel became the leader of the second generation of Annales historians after 1945.

" Fernand Braudel and the Annales School " online edition

* Fernand Braudel: Mediterranean studies: Annales school

* Fernand Braudel and the Annales School by Dr David Moon

* Annales School, Fernand Braudel bio

Although later much disparaged by neo-classical economists, and much criticized in specific points, Der moderne Kapitalismus is still today a standard work with important ramifications for, e. g., the Annales school ( Fernand Braudel ).

The war also resulted in the death of Marc Bloch, and so Febvre became the man who carried the Annales into the post-war period, most notably by training Fernand Braudel and co-founding the VI section of the École Pratique des Hautes Etudes, later known as École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales ( EHESS ).

Influential historians behind the eruption of the New Historicism are Fernand Braudel and the Annales School.

Here, Hexter dissected Braudel's vast " geohistory ," La Mediteranée marvelling at the organization of the Annales School but pointing out the ironic tensions between the Annales ' rigorous, collaborative, scientific institutional ethos and its leader's passionate, highly personal, often factually inaccurate or poorly sourced book ( for which much of the intellectual labor was carried out from memory while Braudel was in a prisoner-of-war camp ).

The Annales School tradition ( represented most notaby by Fernand Braudel ) influenced Wallerstein in focusing on long-term processes and geo-ecological regions as unit of analysis.

Lucien Febvre and Fernand Braudel were members of the École des Annales, the dominant school of historical analysis in France during the interwar period.

In 1962 Braudel and Gaston Berger used Ford Foundation money and government funds to create a new independent foundation, the ( FMSH ), which Braudel directed from 1970 until his death.

Poetics of the New History: French Historical Discourse from Braudel to Chartier, ( 1992 )

The French historian Fernand Braudel, in his famous volume on Mediterranean civilisation, describes the Alps as “ an exceptional range of mountains from the point of view of resources, collective disciplines, the quality of its human population and the number of good roads .” This remarkable human presence in the Alpine region came into being with the population growth and agrarian expansion of the High Middle Ages.

Since then, the word geopolitics has been applied to other theories, most notably the notion of the Clash of Civilizations by Samuel Huntington thoroughly inspired from Fernand Braudel in Grammaire des civilisations.

In 1947, with Febvre and Charles Morazé, Braudel obtained funding from the Rockefeller Foundation in New York founded the famous Sixième Section for " Economic and social sciences " at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes.

In 1962 he and Gaston Berger used the Ford Foundation grant and government funds to create a new independent foundation, the Fondation Maison des Sciences de l ' Homme ( FMSH ), which Braudel directed from 1970 until his death.

A book by Braudel has determined the choice of the carrier as art historian by the character Adrian Korbel from The Young and the Restless.

Poetics of the New History: French Historical Discourse from Braudel to Chartier, ( 1992 )

A map of the Duchy of Mantua in 1702 ( Braudel 1984, fig 26 ) reveals the independent, though socially and economically dependent arc of small territories from the principality of Castiglione in the northwest across the south to the duchy of Mirandola southeast of Mantua: the lords of Bozolo, Sabioneta, Dosolo, Guastalla, the count of Novellare.

Fernand Braudel ( The Perspective of the World 1984, pp 405f ) instances a 1783 report on " the import trade from Ireland " and its large profits to a ship owner or a captain, who:

Quilombo dos Palmares was a self-sustaining republic of Maroons escaped from the Portuguese settlements in Brazil, " a region perhaps the size of Portugal in the hinterland of Bahia " ( Braudel 1984 p 390 ).

Fernand Braudel has pointed out a problem the Amerindian faced which was not a factor in Eurasia and Africa: " The Indian population ... suffered from a demographic weakness, particularly because of the absence of any substitute animal milk.

F. Braudel succeeded in 1962 to L. Febvre and concentrated the various study groups at its present emplacement on boulevard Raspail, in part by a financing from the Ford Foundation.