Breton Nationalism ( foreword by Gwynfor Evans ), Plaid Cymru, c. 1946 ; " The Sons of the Ermine: A History of Brittany ", Jean-Pierre Le Mat, An Clochán, Belfast, 1996.

In 1996, a song in Breton represented France in the 41st Eurovision Song Contest, the first time in history that France had a song without a word in French.

The colony of Cape Breton Island had its capital at Sydney on its namesake harbour fronting on Spanish Bay and the Cabot Strait.

The British government had intended that the Crown take over the operation of the mines when Cape Breton was made a colony, but this was never done, probably because of the rehabilitation cost of the mines.

The War of 1812 had some effect on the shipping industry in the Maritime colonies of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Cape Breton Island ; however, the significant Royal Navy presence in Halifax and other ports in the region prevented any serious attempts by American raiders.

During the war, André Breton, who had trained in medicine and psychiatry, served in a neurological hospital where he used Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic methods with soldiers suffering from shell-shock.

Breton himself later admitted that automatic writing's centrality had been overstated, and other elements were introduced, especially as the growing involvement of visual artists in the movement forced the issue, since automatic painting required a rather more strenuous set of approaches.

The pamphlet drew upon an earlier act of subversion by likening Breton to Anatole France, whose unquestioned value Breton had challenged in 1924.

In hindsight, the disunion of 1929-30 and the effects of Un Cadavre had very little negative impact upon Surrealism as Breton saw it, since core figures such as Aragon, Crevel, Dalí and Buñuel remained true the idea of group action, at least for the time being.

Ralph was at least part Breton and had spent most of his life prior to 1066 in Brittany, where he still had lands.

During Queen Anne's War ( 1702 to 1713 ), the British Conquest of Acadia occurred in 1710, resulting in Nova Scotia, other than Cape Breton, being officially ceded to the British by the Treaty of Utrecht including Rupert's Land, that had been conquered by France in the late 17th century ( Battle of Hudson's Bay ).

Breton had been insulted by Ehrenburg — along with all fellow surrealists — in a pamphlet which said, among other things, that surrealists were " pederasts ".

However, from 1381 until the end of the fifteenth century Vannes ( Gwened in Breton ) had served as the administrative capital of the Duchy, remaining the seat of its Chambre des comptes until the 1490s, and also the seat of the its Parlement until 1553 and then again between 1675 and 1689.

Eastern parts had previously been visited by the Norse, as well as Basque, Galician and Breton fishermen, and perhaps the Corte-Real brothers and John Cabot ( in addition of course to the Natives who first inhabited the territory ).

The subsidiary counts of Neustria had exceeded the margrave in power by that point and the peak of Viking and Breton raiding had passed.

In May 1745, Le Breton announced the work as available for sale, but to his dismay, Mills had not done the work he was commissioned to do ; in fact, he could barely read and write French and did not even own a copy of Cyclopaedia.

By the 1830s Demopolis had developed into a regional commercial river hub, attracting American and European-born craftsmen and merchants including the Beysiegle, Breitling, Breton, Dupertuis, Foster, Hummell, Kirker, Knapp, Marx, Michael, Mulligan, Oberling, Rhodes, Rudisill, Rosenbaum, Schmidt, Shahan, Stallings, and Zaiser families.

Roland was evidently the first official appointed to direct Frankish policy in Breton affairs, as local Franks under the Merovingian dynasty had not previously pursued any specific relationship with the Bretons.

Welsh, Cornish and Breton tradition claimed that Arthur had never really died, but would inexorably return to lead his people against their enemies.

Settled in 1761, the town was originally named " New Breton ," having been granted primarily to soldiers who had taken part in the 1745 capture of Cape Breton during hostilities with the French in Canada.

Only after 1815 — after Jean Antoine Breton had solved the problems with the punched card mechanism — did sales of looms increase.

But that is only one reading of how the Groupe des Six originated: other authors, like Ornella Volta, would stress the manoeuvrings of Jean Cocteau to become the leader of an avant-garde group devoted to music, like the cubist and surrealist groups had sprung in visual arts and literature shortly before, with Pablo Picasso, Guillaume Apollinaire and André Breton as their key representatives.

The Asterix comic series has been translated into Breton.

Some other comics have also been translated into Breton, including Tintin, Spirou, Titeuf, Hägar the Horrible, Peanuts and Yakari.

The population of Cape Breton Island has been in decline for almost two decades with an increasing population exodus in recent years due to economic conditions.

While the Cape Breton Regional Municipality is in transition from an industrial to a service-based economy, the rest of Cape Breton Island outside of the industrial area surrounding Sydney-Glace Bay has been more stable, with a mixture of fishing, forestry, small-scale agriculture, and tourism.

The traditional style has been well preserved in Cape Breton, and céilidhs have become a popular attraction for summer tourists.

As a result, significant portions of the three provinces are influenced by Celtic heritages, with Scottish Gaelic having been widely spoken, particularly in Cape Breton, although it is less prevalent today.

Industrial Cape Breton has historically been a region of labour activism, electing Co-operative Commonwealth Federation ( and later NDP ) MPs, and even produced many early members of the Communist Party of Canada in the pre-World War II era.

Hypnotism has also been employed by artists for creative purposes most notably the surrealist circle of André Breton who employed hypnosis, automatic writing and sketches for creative purposes.

It has been criticised on the grounds that it in fact excludes most of the islands in the North Atlantic, including Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton Island, and the Azores, and also that the only island referred to by the term that is actually in the North Atlantic Ocean is Ireland.

Even though Breton by 1946 responded rather negatively to the subject of music with his essay Silence is Golden, later Surrealists, such as Paul Garon, have been interested in — and found parallels to — Surrealism in the improvisation of jazz and the blues.

While Dalí may have been excommunicated by Breton, he neither abandoned his themes from the 1930s, including references to the " persistence of time " in a later painting, nor did he become a depictive pompier.

The location of the Breton crown is unknown but it is thought to have been moved to Paris at some point.

The district has traditionally been home to many artists as well as a Breton community, arrived at the beginning of the 20th century upon the creation of the Montparnasse railway terminus.

Furious at having been swindled, Le Breton beat Mills with a cane.

In France and other Francophone countries, patois has been used to describe non-Parisian French and so-called regional or nonstandards languages such as Breton, Picard, Occitan, and Franco-Provençal, since 1643.

Taking its name from Cape Breton, the most easterly point of the island which was called after the Bretons of Brittany, the county has what is probably the oldest surviving European name to have been used to designate part of North America.

The boundaries of Inverness County had been previously defined when Cape Breton Island was divided by statute into three Districts in 1823.

Breton literature since the 1920s has been lively, despite the falling number of speakers.

Marconi's contributions to Cape Breton Island were also quite significant as he used the island's geography to his advantage in transmitting the first North American trans-Atlantic radio message from a station constructed at Table Head in Glace Bay to a receiving station at Poldhu in Cornwall, England.

Performers who have received significant recognition outside of Cape Breton include Buddy MacMaster, Natalie MacMaster, Ashley MacIsaac, The Rankin Family, Aselin Debison, and the Barra MacNeils.

The most significant incident was the capture of the French Fortress Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island ( Île Royale ) by an expedition ( 29 April – 16 June 1745 ) of colonial militia organized by Massachusetts Governor William Shirley, commanded by William Pepperrell of Maine ( then part of Massachusetts ), and assisted by a Royal Navy fleet.

Statistics Canada classifies Sydney as a medium population centre which for census purposes includes the neighbouring communities of Westmount, a significant portion of Sydney River, and a other portions of the former Cape Breton County.

Sydney's economy was a significant part of Industrial Cape Breton with its steel plant and harbour and railway connections adjoining the coal mining towns of Glace Bay, New Waterford, Sydney Mines and Reserve Mines.

In recent decades, Cape Breton Island has become home to a significant tourism industry, with Sydney ( as the island's largest urban centre ) being a prime beneficiary.

Descended from an old Breton aristocratic family, Chateaubriand was a royalist by political disposition and in an age when a significant part of the intelligentsia was turning against the Church, authored the Génie du christianisme in defence of the Catholic faith.

Among the Surrealists, André Breton was a significant influence, but Isou was dissatisfied by what he saw as the stagnation and theoretical bankruptcy of the movement as it stood in the 1940s.

Despite this, and despite the opposition from federal bureaucrats, opposition politicians and a Government of Canada crown agency responsible for coal mining in Cape Breton, the Cape Breton Development Corporation ( Devco ), Westray Mine was developed through the late eighties and opened in 1991 with significant provincial and federal government assistance.

Mackenzie and Mann began their first significant expansion outside of the prairies with the purchase of Great Lakes steamships, railways into northern Quebec's Saguenay region and the acquisition of branchlines in southwestern Nova Scotia ( the Halifax and Southwestern Railway ) and western Cape Breton Island.

Leading members of the Surrealist movement such as André Breton and Georges Bataille recognised in Grandville a significant precursor and inspiration for the movement.

The early years of the institution's history were dedicated to the instruction of the Scots Gaelic language which in the 1930s was under significant threat of dying out, having once been spoken by over 100, 000 Nova Scotians, until the advent of modern transport and communications in the early 20th century began to force English assimilation in the agrarian economies of Cape Breton Island and Nova Scotia.

The camp has been described as a " concentration camp " and became a significant atrocity story within Breton nationalism.

This is rather difficult to judge, contemporary accounts are dubious and it can be seen that the arrival of the Breton army of Arthur de Richemont, future duke of Brittany, Arthur III, with his powerful force of cavalry on the flank of the English, forcing them to leave their prepared defensive position, was more significant, although the early artillery fire from the two French guns played a role in that as well.

The consecutive waves of Polish immigrants in periods from 1890 – 1914, 1920 – 1939, and 1941 to this day, settled across Canada from Cape Breton to Vancouver, and made numerous and significant contributions to the agricultural, manufacturing, engineering, teaching, publishing, religious, mining, cultural, professional, sports, military, research, business, governmental and political life in Canada.

Bernard Le Nail had a significant role in increasing knowledge of Breton explorers of the coast of Australia, as publisher of Philippe Godard's and Tugdual de Kerros ' book on Louis de Saint Aloüarn ( 2002 ).