Breton Nationalism had been a significant force in the early 20th century through the Breton National Party, but it has been discredited by its association with collaborationism in World War II.

The surrealist leader André Breton coined the anagram Avida Dollars for Salvador Dalí, to tarnish his reputation by the implication of commercialism.

Breton is a Brythonic language, descended from the Celtic British language brought from Great Britain to Armorica by migrating Britons during the Early Middle Ages.

Having declined from more than one million speakers around 1950 to about 200, 000 in the first decade of the 21st century, of whom 61 % are more than 60 years old, Breton is classified as " severely endangered " by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.

During its 19-year run, Gwalarn tried to raise the language to the level of other great “ international ” languages by creating original works covering all genres and by proposing Breton translations of internationally-recognized foreign works.

In 1977, Diwan schools were founded to teach Breton by immersion.

Edited by Jehan Lagadec in 1464, it was a trilingual work containing Breton, French and Latin.

The four living dialects of Breton, as identified by Ethnologue, are ( named in Breton ) leoneg, tregerieg, gwenedeg, and kerneveg.

Ofis Publik ar Brezhoneg, the Breton language agency, was set up in 1999 by the Brittany region to promote and develop the use of Breton

Ofis Publik ar Brezhoneg, the Breton language agency, was set up in 1999 by the Brittany region to promote and develop the use of Breton.

It created the Ya d ' ar brezhoneg campaign, signed by enterprises, organisations and communes to promote the use of Breton, for example by installing bilingual signage or translating their website.

The Diwan schools were founded in 1977 to teach Breton by immersion.

William the Breton also says in his column that the two lines of combatants were separated by a small space.

Musician Alan Stivell uses a similar dichotomy, between the Gaelic ( Irish / Scottish / Manx ) and the Brythonic ( Breton / Welsh / Cornish ) branches, which differentiate " mostly by the extended range ( sometimes more than two octaves ) of Irish and Scottish melodies and the closed range of Breton and Welsh melodies ( often reduced to a half-octave ), and by the frequent use of the pure pentatonic scale in Gaelic music.

Outside of America, the first deliberate attempts to create a " Pan-Celtic music " were made by the Breton Taldir Jaffrennou, having translated songs from Ireland, Scotland, and Wales into Breton between the two world wars.

During the Anglo-French War ( 1627 – 1629 ), under Charles I, by 1629 the Kirkes took Quebec City, Sir James Stewart of Killeith, Lord Ochiltree planted a colony on Cape Breton Island at Baleine, Nova Scotia and Alexander ’ s son, William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling established the first incarnation of “ New Scotland ” at Port Royal.

The first permanently settled Scottish community on Cape Breton Island was Judique, settled in 1775 by Michael Mor MacDonald.

* British language ( Celtic ), also known as Brythonic, the ancient Celtic language once spoken in Britain, ancestral to Welsh, Cornish and Breton

Breton () is a Celtic language spoken in Brittany (; ), France.

Breton is spoken mainly in Western Brittany, but also in a more dispersed way in Eastern Brittany ( where Gallo is spoken alongside Breton and French ), and in areas around the world that have Breton immigrants.

Under French law ( the Toubon Law ), it is illegal for commercial signage to be in Breton alone ; it must be bilingual or else in French alone.

William the Breton, chaplain to Philip II at Bouvines at the battle, that the lines of soldiers stood in line in a space of 40 000 steps ( 15 hectares ), which leaves very little clearance and predisposes melee.

A few of those include bagadoù ( Breton pipe bands ), Fairport Convention, Pentangle, Steeleye Span and Horslips.

It is the island's largest commercial centre and home to the Cape Breton Post daily newspaper, as well as one television station, CJCB-TV ( CTV ), and several radio stations.

), as well as in the Celtic languages ( Welsh eglwys, Irish eaglais, Breton iliz, etc.

* Cape Breton ( Nova Scotia ), a cape located at the eastern tip of Nova Scotia's Cape Breton Island

* Cape Breton Regional Municipality ( CBRM ), a regional municipality in Nova Scotia

Acadians eventually built small settlements throughout what is today mainland Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, as well as Île-Saint-Jean ( Prince Edward Island ), Île-Royale ( Cape Breton Island ), and other shorelines of the Gulf of St. Lawrence in present-day Newfoundland and Labrador, and Quebec.

While Maritimers are predominantly of west European heritage ( Scottish, Irish, English, and Acadian ), immigration to Industrial Cape Breton during the heyday of coal mining and steel manufacturing brought people from eastern Europe as well as from Newfoundland.

The Maritimes also have a black population who are mostly descendants of African American loyalists or refugees from the War of 1812, largely concentrated in Nova Scotia but also in various communities throughout southern New Brunswick, Cape Breton ( where the black population is largely of West Indian descent ), and Prince Edward Island.

He repeats Acheson's argument that the region lacks major urban centres, but adds that the Maritimes were also lacking the great rivers that led to the cheap and abundant hydro-electric power, key to Quebec and Ontario's urban and manufacturing development, that the extraction costs of Maritime resources were higher ( particularly in the case of Cape Breton coal ), and that the soils of the region were poorer and thus the agricultural sector weaker.

In 1784, the two provinces were divided ; Nova Scotia was split into Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island ( rejoined to Nova Scotia in 1820 ), Prince Edward Island, and New Brunswick, while Quebec was split into Lower Canada ( southern Quebec ) and Upper Canada ( southern through lower northern Ontario ).

The French avant-garde kept abreast of Dada activities in Zurich with regular communications from Tristan Tzara ( whose pseudonym means " sad in country ," a name chosen to protest the treatment of Jews in his native Romania ), who exchanged letters, poems, and magazines with Guillaume Apollinaire, André Breton, Max Jacob, Clément Pansaers, and other French writers, critics and artists.

Alan Stivell, with his father Jord Cochevelou ( who recreated the Breton Celtic harp ), were at the origin of the revival of the Celtic harp ( in the 1970s ).

Other examples are the Welsh Saesneg ( the English language ), Irish Sasana ( England ), Breton saoz ( on ) ( English, saozneg " the English language ", Bro-saoz " England "), and Cornish Sowson ( English people ) and Sowsnek ( English language ), as in the famous My ny vynnav kows Sowsnek!

The party is a member of the European Free Alliance and has close links with Plaid Cymru, the Scottish National Party and the Breton Democratic Union.

Of those involved in the Breton movement generally, 38 had been killed and 9 executed by firing squad, according to contemporary sources such as the Welsh newspaper Baner Ac Amserau Cymru.

** Nicholas Breton, poet and novelist ( born c. 1545 )

* In Breton, there is no " c " but there are the digraphs " ch " and " c ' h ", which are collated between " b " and " d ".

Constance bore her third husband twin daughters ; Alix of Thouars, who married Peter de Dreux, first Breton ruler of the House of Dreux ; and Katherine of Thouars ( 1201 – c. 1240 ) who married Andre III of Brittany, Sire of Vitre.

The de la Zouche family descended from Alan de la Zouche, sometimes called Alan de Porhoët and Alan la Coche ( c. 1136 – 1190 ), a Breton who settled in England during the reign of Henry II.

Saint Joyce ( Judoc in Breton, Joost in Dutch and Josse in French ) ( 660-668 ), by Swiss painter, c. 1500 – 1520.

File: Brooklyn Museum-Fin du travail ( The End of the Working Day )-Jules Breton. jpg | Jules Breton, Fin du travail ( The End of the Working Day ), c. 1886-1887

Hoel II of Cornouaille ( c. 1031 – 1084 ) was Count of Kernev ( French: Cornouaille, Breton: Kernev ), from 1058 as Hoel V, and after his marriage to Hawise, Duchess of Brittany, in 1066, he became duke of Brittany.

Conan III, also known as Conan of Cornouaille and Conan the Fat ( c. 1093-1096 – September 17, 1148 ), ( Breton Konan III a Vreizh, and Konan Kerne ) was duke of Brittany, from 1112 to his death.

John I the Red ( in Breton Yann Iañ ar Ruz, in French Jean I le Roux ) ( c. 1217 / 18 – 8 October 1286 ), known as John the Red due to the colour of his beard, was Duke of Brittany, from 1237 to his death.

Bertrand du Guesclin ( c. 1320 – 13 July 1380 ), known as the Eagle of Brittany or the Black Dog of Brocéliande, was a Breton knight and French military commander during the Hundred Years ' War.

Alan Le Roux ( c. 1040 – 1089 ), was a Breton relative of Geoffrey of Brittany.

Saint Tudwal ( died c. 564 ) was a Breton monk.

William the Breton ( c. 1165 – c. 1225 ), French chronicler and poet, was as his name indicates born in Brittany.

Breton has evolved a modified form of this digraph, c ' h for representing, as opposed to ch, which stands for.