Bryozoans are small and the skeletons of crinoids disintegrate.

Most other shell forming organisms appear during the Cambrian period, with the Bryozoans being the only calcifying phylum to appear later, in the Ordovician.

Bryozoans have spread diseases to fish farms and fishermen.

Bryozoans ' evolutionary relationships to other phyla are also unclear, partly because scientists ' view of the family tree of animals is mainly influenced by better-known phyla.

Bryozoans, phoronids and brachiopods strain food out of the water by means of a lophophore, a " crown " of hollow tentacles.

Bryozoans form colonies consisting of clones called zooids that are typically about long.

They reach highest diversity in reef environments but are also widespread on shallow shores, around the poles — refugia where crinoids are at their most abundant — and throughout the deep ocean, where bottom-dwelling and burrowing sea cucumbers are common — sometimes accounting for up to 90 % of organisms.

A mid-Carboniferous drop in sea level precipitated a major marine extinction, one that hit crinoids and ammonites especially hard.

In the oceans the most important marine invertebrate groups are the Foraminifera, corals, Bryozoa, Ostracoda, brachiopods, ammonoids, hederelloids, microconchids and echinoderms ( especially crinoids ).

Both open marine ( crinoids ) and restricted marine ( pelecypods, gastropods ) environments are represented in the Co-op Creek member.

The Mississippian limestone is rich in marine fossils, especially crinoids and blastoids.

The limestones date from the Visean period ( Lower Carboniferous ), formed as sediments in a tropical sea approximately 350 million years ago, and compressed into horizontal strata with fossil corals, crinoids, sea urchins and ammonites.

The limestones date from the Visean period ( Lower Carboniferous ), formed as sediments in a tropical sea approximately 350 million years ago, and compressed into horizontal strata with fossil corals, crinoids, sea urchins and ammonites.

The limestones date from the Visean period ( Lower Carboniferous ), formed as sediments in a tropical sea approximately 350 million years ago, and compressed into horizontal strata with fossil corals, crinoids, sea urchins and ammonites.

About the year 1835 he began to devote his leisure to the investigation of the Carboniferous fossils around Liège, and ultimately he became distinguished for his researches on the palaeontology of the Palaeozoic rocks, and especially for his descriptions of the molluscs, brachiopods, crustaceans and crinoids of the Carboniferous limestone of Belgium.

Being interested in crinoids, and prompted by the results of the dredgings of Michael Sars in the deep sea off the Norwegian coasts, he persuaded the Royal Navy to grant him use of HMS Lightning and for deep sea dredging expeditions in the summers of 1868 and 1869.

Two main subdivisions of echinoderms are traditionally recognised: the more familiar motile Eleutherozoa, which encompasses the Asteroidea ( sea star ), Ophiuroidea ( brittle stars ), Echinoidea ( sea urchins and sand dollars ), and Holothuroidea ( sea cucumbers ); and the sessile Pelmatozoa, which consists of the crinoids and of the extinct blastoids and Paracrinoids.

Aided by Count Georg zu Münster, he issued the important Petrefacta Germaniae ( 1826 – 44 ), a work which was intended to illustrate the invertebrate fossils of Germany, but it was left incomplete after the sponges, corals, crinoids, echinoderms and part of the mollusca had been figured.

Marine life is especially rich in crinoids and other echinoderms.

Amongst the echinoderms, the crinoids were the most numerous.

Dense submarine thickets of long-stemmed crinoids appear to have flourished in shallow seas, and their remains were consolidated into thick beds of rock.

The blastoids, which included the Pentreinitidae and Codasteridae and superficially resembled crinoids in the possession of long stalks attached to the seabed, attain their maximum development at this time.

Many crinoids and some seastars exhibit symmetry in multiples of the basic five, with seastars such as Helicoilaster known to possess up to 50 arms, and the sea-lily Comanthina schlegelii boasting 200.

Skeletal elements are also deployed in some specialized ways, such as the " Aristotle's lantern " of sea urchins, crinoids ' stalks, and the supportive " lime ring " of sea cucumbers.

In the crinoids, the tube feet waft food particles captured on the radial limbs towards the central mouth ; in the asteroids, the same wafting motion is employed to move the animal across the ground.

The gonads occupy the entire body cavities of sea urchins and sea cucumbers, while the less voluminous crinoids, brittle stars, and seastars have two gonads per arm.

Some crinoids are pseudo-planktonic, attaching themselves to floating logs and debris, although this behaviour was exercised most extensively in the Paleozoic, before competition from such organisms as barnacles restricted the extent of the behaviour.

While some sea stars are detritovores, extracting the organic material from mud, and others mimic the crinoids ' filter feeding, most are active hunters, attacking other sea stars or shellfish.

Sea urchins are members of the phylum Echinodermata, which also includes sea stars, sea cucumbers, brittle stars, and crinoids.

Although many sea cucumbers have branched tentacles surrounding the oral opening, these have originated from modified tube feet and are not homologous to the arms of the crinoids, sea stars, and brittle stars.

Sea urchins feed mainly on algae, but can also feed on sea cucumbers and a wide range of invertebrates, such as mussels, polychaetes, sponges, brittle stars and crinoids.

Many fossils are obviously autochthonous, such as rooted fossils like crinoids, and many fossils are intrisically obviously allocthonous, such as the presence of photoautotrophic plankton in a benthic deposit that must have sunk to be deposited.

Encrusters include bryozoans and crinoids.

Uniquely among echinoderms, crinoids have no madeporite.

A holdfast is a root-like structure that anchors aquatic sessile organisms, such as seaweed, other sessile algae, stalked crinoids, benthic cnidarians, and sponges, to the substrate.

The strata contain fossil corals, crinoids, sea urchins and ammonites.

In fact, crinoids, holothurians, and ophiuroids live at depths from 16 – 35 m, all over the world.

An anthropological study of the Fedora community, as part of a master's study at the University of North Texas in 2010-11, found that common reasons given by contributors were " learning for the joy of learning and collaborating with interesting and smart people ".

The more common view, held by contributors such as James Fishkin, is that direct deliberative democracy can be complementary to traditional representative democracy.

The most common adverse reaction is nausea, due to a difference in the pH from the body and the pH of the sodium fluorescein dye ; a number of other factors, however, are considered contributors as well.

It was common practice for Digitiser to mock the names of contributors to its letters page.