The area, known as Kutmichevitsa, became an important Bulgarian cultural center in 10th century with many thriving towns such as Devol, Glavinitsa ( Ballsh ) and Belgrad ( Berat ).

Their cultural heritage was acquired and developed in medieval Bulgaria, where after 885 the region of Ohrid became a significant ecclesiastical center with the nomination of the Saint Clement of Ohrid for " first archbishop in Bulgarian language " with residence in this region.

In conjunction with another disciple of Saints Cyril and Methodius, Saint Naum, he created a flourishing Bulgarian cultural center around Ohrid, where over 3, 000 pupils were taught in the Glagolitic and Cyrillic script in what is now called Ohrid Literary School.

At the end of the 10th century, much of what is now Republic of Macedonia became the political and cultural center of the First Bulgarian Empire under Tsar Samuil ; while the Byzantine emperor Basil II came to rule the eastern part of the empire ( what is now Bulgaria ), including the then capital Preslav, in 972.

During the period of Bulgarian National Revival many Bulgarians from Vardar Macedonia supported the struggle for creation of Bulgarian cultural educational and religious institutions, including Bulgarian Exarchate.

The alphabet and the Old Bulgarian language that evolved from Slavonic gave rise to a rich literary and cultural activity centered around the Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools, established by order of Boris I in 886.

He moved the capital from Skopje to Ohrid, which had been the cultural and military centre of southwestern Bulgaria since Boris I's rule, and made the city the seat of the Bulgarian Patriarchate.

The Bulgarians have descended from three main tribal groups, which mixed themselves and formed a Slavic-speaking nation and ethnicity in the First Bulgarian Empire: 1 ) the Slavs, who gave their language to the Bulgarians ; 2 ) the Bulgars, from whom the ethnonym and the early statehood were inherited ; as well as 3 ) the ' indigenous ' late Roman provincial peoples: Thraco-Romans and Thraco-Byzantines, from whom certain cultural elements were taken.

The Tarnovo Artistic School, the mainstream of the Bulgarian fine arts and architecture between 13th and 14th centuries, takes its name from the capital and main cultural center of the Second Bulgarian Empire, Tarnovo.

The Bulgarian Khanate ( later Empire ) had a general policy of expansion in which they would first impose the payment of tribute on a neighboring people and the obligation of supplying military assistance in the form of an alliance ( societas ), leaving them internal self-government and local rulers, and when the need for this kind of relationship expired, they would terminate the self-government of the said people and impose their direct and absolute power, integrating them fully into the Bulgarian political and cultural system.

Zhivkov also softened organized opposition by restoring symbols of the Bulgarian cultural past that had been cast aside in the postwar campaign to consolidate Soviet-style party control.

Zhivkov's extensive campaign of cultural restoration provided at least some common ground between him and the Bulgarian intelligentsia.

She spent large sums of money in a highly visible campaign to support scholars, collect Bulgarian art, and sponsor cultural institutions.

When Zhivkova died in 1981, relations with the West had already been chilled by the Afghanistan issue, but her brief administration of Bulgaria's official cultural life was a successful phase of her father's appeal to Bulgarian national tradition to bind the country together.

The Rhodopes have a rich cultural heritage including ancient Thracian sites such as Perperikon, Tatul and Belintash ; medieval castles, churches, monasteries and picturesque villages with traditional Bulgarian architecture from 18th and 19th century.

His reign was also a period of unmatched cultural prosperity and enlightenment later deemed the Golden Age of Bulgarian culture.

Simeon turned the new Bulgarian capital Preslav into a magnificent religious and cultural centre, intended more as a display of his realm's heyday and as a royal residence than as a military fortress.

It is a contemporary Bulgarian administrative center, whose future is mostly seen in the development of cultural tourism, and modern rehabilitation resort centers by the hot mineral water springs.

Most of the local Bulgarian political and cultural figures were persecuted or expelled from Serbian and Greek parts of Macedonia and Thrace, where all structures of the Bulgarian Exarchate were abolished.

Tomislav defeated Hungarian and Bulgarian invasions, spreading the influence of Croatian kings.

Bulgarian scientist Anton Antonov conducted experiments which show that the conductivity of an object does not influence the resulting images, but that corona discharge formation depends on the distribution of dielectric permittivity.

According to some opinions, the southern part of Bessarabia remained under the influence of the First Bulgarian Empire until to the end of the 9th century.

Bulgarian nationalism emerged in the early 19th century under the influence of western ideas such as liberalism and nationalism, which trickled into the country after the French Revolution, mostly via Greece.

But Greek influence was limited by the general Bulgarian resentment of Greek control of the Bulgarian Church and it was the struggle to revive an independent Bulgarian Church which first roused Bulgarian nationalist sentiment.

Tomislav defeated Hungarian and Bulgarian invasions, spreading the influence of Croatian kings northward to Slavonia.

The Bulgarian language is also, to some degree, mutually intelligible with Russian on account of the influence which Russia has had on the development of Modern Bulgaria since 1878, as well as the earlier effect of Old Bulgarian on the development of Old Russian.

For example, Johnson experimented with an arrangement of " Tam Lin " that involved a heavy Bulgarian influence, inspired by Eastern European versions of the Tam Lin legend.

Earlier Epirote influence in Serbia was then replaced with Bulgarian.

The Christianization was due partly to Byzantine and subsequent Bulgarian influence.

Simeon put Pavle Branović, prior to that an exile in Bulgaria, on the Serbian throne, thus restoring the Bulgarian influence in Serbia for a while.

Contemporary translations of Theophylact's commentaries are available in modern Greek, Russian, Serbian, Bulgarian, and Romanian, reflecting the wide influence of his exegetical work within the Orthodox Church, and beyond.

Through the Treaty of San Stefano, the Russians, led by chancellor Alexander Gorchakov, had managed to create a Bulgarian autonomous principality under the nominal rule of the Ottoman Empire, thus sparking British well-entrenched fears of growing Russian influence in the East.

Its name in other languages includes Arabic and, Albanian, Serbian and,, Bulgarian and, Cypriot Greek: pantopoula, (),, ( Persian influence around the 7th-8th century, meaning regular market, but also special occasion markets, such as Karácsonyi Vásár (" Christmas Market ") and bazár ( Turkish influence around the 16th-17th century, meaning Oriental-style market or shop ), Indonesian and,, and.

However, other Bulgarian historians, especially older ones, only point out certain signs of Iranian influence in the Turkic base, or indeed support the Turkic theory.

Vladimir started the process of destroying the Christian temples and persecuting of the clergymen, because he regarded them as instruments of Byzantium and its efforts to influence the Bulgarian kingdom.

* The People's Alliance ( Bulgaria ), a Bulgarian party created in 1921 aiming to stop the growing influence of the leftists ; in 1923 it joined the Democratic Alliance

Here his chief aim was to liberate from Ottoman domination and bring under the influence of Russia the Christian nationalities in general and the Bulgarians in particular ( See also Bulgarian Exarchate and Constantinople Conference ).

It deterred Byzantine rulers from sending their troops north of the Balkans for more than 150 years afterwards, which increased the influence and spread of the Bulgarians to the west and south of the Balkan Peninsula, resulting in a great territorial enlargement of the First Bulgarian Empire.

The Glagolitic alphabet is believed to have been created by Saints Cyril and Methodius, while the Cyrillic alphabet was invented by the Bulgarian scholar Clement of Ohrid, who was their disciple.

In Bulgaria, Bulgarian Agrarian National Union ( BZNS ) was organized in 1899 to resist taxes and build cooperatives.

* The illegitimate descendant of a Bulgarian prince named Aron formed a plot in 1107 to murder Alexios as he was encamped near Thessalonica.

Andronikos III's attempt to make up for this setback by annexing Bulgarian Thrace failed in 1332, when he was defeated by the new Bulgarian Emperor Ivan Alexander at Rousokastron.

The second president was another member of the Union of Demicratic Forces-Petar Stoyanov and served until 2002, when the leader of the Bulgarian Socialist Party-Georgi Parvanov began to replace him, he won two mandates and served until 2011, when Rosen Plevneliev of the right-oriented GERB was elected for a five-year mandate.

Their government collapsed in late 1992, and was succeeded by a technocratic team, put forward by the Bulgarian Socialist Party ( BSP ), which served until 1994, when the president dissolved the government and appointed a provisional one to serve until the pre-term elections, appointed for December in the same year.

Throughout the postwar period, economic progress also was assisted substantially by a level of internal and external political stability unseen in other East European countries during the same period, that was also a change in Bulgarian political scene was a lot of turbulence preceded the ascent to power of the BCP.

Even in the last pre-crisis year, 2008, the Bulgarian economy was growing rapidly at 6. 0 %, despite significantly slowing down in the last quarter.

Because Bulgarian industry was configured to Soviet markets, the end of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact caused a severe crisis in the 1990s.

No territorial changes were made to either country, but the Bulgarian unification was recognized by the Great Powers.

The fortress of Adrianople was besieged and Kirk Kilisse was taken without resistance under the pressure of the Bulgarian Third Army.

Nevertheless, in the eve of World War II the Bulgarian army was still well-trained and well-equipped.

Bulgaria was determined to observe it until the end of the war ; but it hoped for bloodless territorial gains, especially in the lands with a significant Bulgarian population occupied by neighbouring countries after the Second Balkan War and World War I.

Even though Bulgaria did not send any troops to support the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the Navy was involved in a number of skirmishes with the Soviet Black Sea Fleet, which attacked Bulgarian shipping.

A resistance movement called Otechestven front ( Fatherland front, Bulgarian: Отечествен фронт ) was set up in August 1942 by the Communist Party, the Zveno movement and a number of other parties to oppose the elected government, after a number of Allied victories indicated that the Axis might lose the War.

Training in the Bulgarian People's Army was exhaustive even by Soviet standards, however, it was never seen as a major force within the Warsaw Pact.

In 2001, the National Guard unit was designated an official military unit of the Bulgarian army and one of the symbols of state authority, along with the flag, the coat of arms and the national anthem.

Gladstone, however, saw the issue in moral terms, for Bulgarian Christians had been massacred by the Turks and Gladstone therefore believed it was immoral to support the Ottoman Empire.