In practice, this means that the agreement of the Bundesrat in the legislative process is very often required, as federal legislation often has to be executed by state or local agencies.

The Bundesrat (" federal council ", performing the function of an upper house ) is the representation of the Federal States ( Bundesländer ) of Germany and has its seat at the former Prussian House of Lords.

Executive power is vested in the Federal Cabinet ( Bundesregierung ), and federal legislative power is vested in the Bundestag ( the parliament of Germany ) and the Bundesrat ( the representative body of the Länder, Germany's regional states ).

The Bundestag is more powerful than the Bundesrat and only needs the latter's consent for proposed legislation related to revenue shared by the federal and state governments, and the imposition of responsibilities on the states.

Legislation also required the consent of the Bundesrat, the federal council of deputies from the states.

As a federal country, Germany is divided into a number of states ( Länder in German ), which used to have wide powers, but whose main remaining power today ( 2004 ) is their ability to veto federal laws through their Bundesrat representation.

The legislative branch is represented by the Bundestag, elected directly through a mixture of proportional representation and direct mandates, with the German Länder participating in legislation through the Bundesrat, reflecting Germany's federal structure.

The Bundesrat represents the Länder (~ States ) and participates in federal legislation.

The members of the Bundesrat, elected by the provincial diets ( Landtage ) of the nine federal States of Austria, are known as Mitglieder des Bundesrats.

The 16 federal States of Germany ( Länder ) are represented by the Bundesrat at the former Prussian House of Lords, whose members are representatives of the respective Länder's governments and not directly elected by the people.

The Bundesrat (" federal council ") is the representation of the Federal States ( Bundesländer ) of Germany and has its seat at the former Prussian Herrenhaus ( House of Lords ).

In the German, Indian, and Pakistani systems, the upper houses ( the Bundesrat, the Rajya Sabha, and the Pakistani Senate respectively ) are even more closely linked with the federal system, being appointed or elected directly by the governments or legislatures of each German Bundesland, Indian State, or Pakistani Province.

Schaumburg-Lippe sent one member to the Bundesrat ( federal council ) and one deputy to the Reichstag.

The German Bundesrat ( literally " Federal Council "; ) is a legislative body that represents the sixteen Länder ( federal states ) of Germany at the federal level.

The federal government must present all its legislative initiatives first to the Bundesrat ; only thereafter can a proposal be passed to the Bundestag.

Further, the Bundesrat must approve all legislation affecting policy areas for which the Basic Law grants the Länder concurrent powers and for which the Länder must administer federal regulations.

In 1949, only 10 percent of all federal laws, namely, those directly affecting the Länder, required Bundesrat approval.

The formal representation of the states in the federal government through the Bundesrat provides an obvious forum for the coordination of policy between the states and the federal government.

Another important organ was the Bundesrat, the ' federal council ' of the representatives of the allied governments.

On September 7, 1949 he was elected as the first president of the federal Bundesrat of Germany.

He was also the head of the " Vermittlungsausschuss " ( negotiations-committee ) which resolves conflicts concerning legislation between " Bundesrat " and " Bundestag ", the two houses of the German parliament at the federal level.

If, in a state of defence, the Bundestag ( parliament ) can not convene, its functions and those of the Bundesrat ( federal council ) are taken over by a Joint Committee.

According to the constitution, head of state was the King of Prussia as the president of the Bundesrat, the council of representatives of the German states.

He now entered the service of the Grand-duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and remained at the head of the grand-ducal government until 1867, when he became plenipotentiary for the two Mecklenburg duchies in the council of the German Confederation ( Bundesrat ), where he distinguished himself by his successful defence of the medieval constitution of the duchies against Liberal attacks.

If the Bundestag rejects a motion of confidence, but neither a new chancellor is elected nor the Bundestag is dissolved, the president may, by request of the cabinet, declare a " legislative state of emergency ", which is quite different from a conventional state of emergency: If it is declared, during a limited period of time, bills proposed by the cabinet and designated as " urgent ", but rejected by the Bundestag, become law nonetheless, if the Bundesrat does pass them.

While the president is abroad on a state visit the President of the Bundesrat does not assume all of his responsibilities but may deputise for the president, performing on the president's behalf merely those tasks that require his or her physical presence, such as the signing of documents.

Article 79 states the Basic Law may be amended by an absolute two-thirds majority of the Bundestag along with a simple two-thirds majority of the Bundesrat, excluding amendment of those areas defined by the eternity clause.

If the Federal President is abroad on a state visit the President of the Bundesrat does not assume all of the Federal President's responsibilities but may " deputise " for him or her, performing on the Federal President's behalf merely those tasks that require his or her physical presence, such as the signing of documents.

It is difficult to tell what the SPD defeat in the federal politics means for the state elections, as both big parties did well in some but not in others.

Direct tax means a tax levied directly by the United States federal government on taxpayers, as opposed to a tax on events or transactions.

Additionally, the Federal Supreme Court has ruled that, following ratification and entry into force, a treaty must be incorporated into domestic law by means of a presidential decree published in the federal register in order to be valid in Brazil and applicable by the Brazilian authorities.

The First through Eighth Amendments address the means by which the federal government exercises its enumerated powers, while the Ninth Amendment addresses a " great residuum " of rights that have not been " thrown into the hands of the government ," as Madison put it.

Other proposals have been made to extend federal whistleblower protection to medical residents working at health care facilities, hospitals, and health care providers, as an internal means to ensure that certain patient hospital and health standards are being effectuated, including enforcing maximum hour guidelines for medical residents

Schmidt used all means at his disposal to alleviate the situation, even when that meant overstepping his legal authority, including federal police and army units ( ignoring the German constitution's prohibition on using the army for " internal affairs "; a clause excluding disasters was not added until 1968 ).

Bradley Belt, former executive director of the PBGC ( the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation, the federal agency that insures private-sector defined-benefit pension plans in the event of bankrupment ), testified before a congressional hearing in October 2004, “ I am particularly concerned with the temptation, and indeed, growing tendency, to use the pension insurance fund as a means to obtain an interest-free and risk-free loan to enable companies to restructure.

This however does not mean that all forms of governments are ' fiscally ' federal ; it only means that ' fiscal federalism ' is a set of principles, that can be applied to all countries attempting ' fiscal decentralization '.

An alliance was therefore forming between the would-be reformers, who would like to finally push their reforms through, by " Bonapartist " means, if necessary, and the people who wished to restore the old federal order, in the hands of the old regent class.

* Section 5 deals with States, or portions within a state, who employ force, or any other unlawful means, to obstruct the execution of U. S. federal law, or interfere with the process of any Federal court.

Although Congress passed this section to empower federal courts to hold unions liable in damages for strikes violating a no-strike clause, this part of the act has instead served as the springboard for creation of a " federal common law " of collective bargaining agreements, which favored arbitration over litigation or strikes as the preferred means of resolving labor disputes.

This means that federal executive power is exercised in practice by the Federal Government, which is accountable to the Chamber of Representatives in accordance with Article 101 of the Constitution.

Here, M2 is adjusted for inflation by means of the deflator published by the federal government in the GDP report.

Foreign Sales Corporations ( FSCs ) was a means formerly provided by United States taxation law for US companies to receive a reduction in US federal income taxes for profits derived from exports, through the use of an offshore subsidiary ( a " Foreign Sales Corporation ").

However, the change of ITV from a federal structure to one centralized private company means that changes of regional companies in the future seems highly unlikely.

Although Congress subsequently passed a series of revenue replacing bills culminating in the Secure Rural Schools and Community Self Determination Act ( SRSCSDA ) of 2000, the federal subsidies have not been adequate to fully replace logging as a means of supporting basic government services.

By the 1950s, both of these forms of transportation had dramatically declined as highway construction was subsidized by the federal government and the private car became the primary means of travel.

NORML plans to support efforts now underway in states such as California, Washington, and Oregon to legalize and tax marijuana, which it claims is a means of coping with growing federal and state deficits without having to raise other taxes.

The U. S. Constitution safeguards judicial independence by providing that federal judges shall hold office " during good behavior "; in practice, this usually means they serve until they die, retire, or resign.

However, proponents of Islamic religious education in public schools maintain that state-controlled Islamic education would be a means to prevent immigrants ' children from joining ranks of so-called Qur ' an schools, which are accused of promoting Islamic intolerance outside the federal government's control.

The Exposition Company had initially lobbied the federal government for $ 1, 640, 000, and received a loan for an additional million, to be repaid by means of a lien on 40 % of the gate receipts.

In January 1875, federal troops intervened in the Louisiana Legislature following attempts by the Democrats to seize control of disputed seats in the state legislature by illegal means.