The theory of impetus, the ancestor to the concepts of inertia and momentum, was developed along similar lines by medieval philosophers such as John Philoponus and Jean Buridan.

This led to the development of the theory of impetus by 14th century French Jean Buridan, which developed into the modern theories of inertia, velocity, acceleration and momentum.

* 1340-1358-Jean Buridan develops the theory of impetus

Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ), Ibn Bajjah ( Avempace ) and Thomas Aquinas developed the theory of inertia in the celestial spheres, while Avicenna ( Ibn Sina ) and Jean Buridan developed the theory of impetus in the celestial spheres.

Following in the footsteps of Buridan, Marsilius rejected the Aristotelian theory and claimed that such forces are the transfer of some property from that which did the affecting into the affected object.

* Jean Buridan: theory of impetus

Albert followed Ockham in his theory of categories and contrary to Buridan, refused to treat quantity as a feature of reality in its own right, but rather reduced it to a disposition of substance and quality.

The theory of impetus was taken up by Buridan in the 14th century.

It is widely accepted that Copernicus's De revolutionibus followed the outline and method set by Ptolemy in his Almagest and employed geometrical constructions that had been developed previously by the Maragheh school in his heliocentric model, and that Galileo's mathematical treatment of acceleration and his concept of impetus rejected earlier medieval analyses of motion, rejecting by name ; Averroes, Avempace, Jean Buridan, and John Philoponus ( see Theory of impetus ).

Buridan named the motion-maintaining property impetus.

Buridan further held that the impetus of a body increased with the speed with which it was set in motion, and with its quantity of matter.

Buridan saw impetus as causing the motion of the object.

* Jean Buridan # Impetus Theory, middle-ages treatment on impetus and its originator Jean Buridan

The 14th-century philosophers Jean Buridan and Albert of Saxony later refer to Abu ' l-Barakat in explaining that the acceleration of a falling body is a result of its increasing impetus.

Jean Buridan, following in the footsteps of John Philoponus and Avicenna, proposed that motion was maintained by some property of the body, imparted when it was set in motion.

He applied a synthesis of the new 14th century physics of Buridan, Thomas Bradwardine and Oresme in his commentaries on Aristotle.

However, the nineteenth-century Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt noted that Jean Buridan had climbed the same mountain a few years before, and ascents accomplished during the Middle Ages have been recorded, including that of Anno II, Archbishop of Cologne.

Bradwardine's theories on the insolubles including the liar paradox were a great influence on the work of Jean Buridan and therefore, in turn of the more recent philosopher A. N. Prior.

Albert distinguishes, as Buridan did, between what is absolutely impossible or contradictory and what is impossible “ in the common course of nature ” and considers hypotheses under circumstances that are not naturally possible but imaginable given God ’ s absolute power.

His claim ( which he attributes to Charles Sanders Peirce and John Buridan ) is that every statement includes an implicit assertion of its own truth.

* Hughes, G. E., ( 1992 ) John Buridan on Self-Reference: Chapter Eight of Buridan's Sophismata, with a Translation, and Introduction, and a Philosophical Commentary, Cambridge Univ.

** Jean Buridan, French philosopher and religious skeptic ( d. 1358 )

** Jean Buridan, French philosopher ( b. 1300 )

* John Buridan, Summulae de dialectica Book VII.

Similar accounts are given by Jean Buridan and Albert of Saxony.

Jean Buridan climbed the mountain early in the fourteenth century ; Petrarch ( accompanied by his brother ) repeated the feat on April 26, 1336, and claimed to have been the first to climb the mountain since antiquity.

Jean Buridan ( in Latin, Johannes Buridanus ) ( ca.

Born, most probably, in Béthune, France, Buridan studied and later taught at the University of Paris.

Buridan also wrote on solutions to paradoxes such as the liar paradox.

Buridan also seems to have had an unusual facility for attracting academic funding which suggests that he was indeed a charismatic figure.

( 1982 ) John Buridan on Self-Reference: Chapter Eight of Buridan's Sophismata.

The general theory of resonance shifts is used to derive a general expression for the second moment Af of a polycrystalline paramagnetic sample and is specialized to Af.

Anthropology has been used in Britain to provide an alternative explanation for the Financial crisis of 2007 – 2010 to the technical explanations rooted in economic and political theory.

They provided a wealth of details used to attack the theory of a single evolutionary process.

Brønsted-Lowry theory can also be used to describe molecular compounds, whereas Arrhenius acids must be ionic compounds.

Although originally controversial, the axiom of choice is now used without reservation by most mathematicians, and it is included in ZFC, the standard form of axiomatic set theory.

During the 1670s corpuscularianism was used by Isaac Newton in his development of the corpuscular theory of light.

An additional line of reasoning in support of particle theory ( and by extension atomic theory ) began in 1827 when botanist Robert Brown used a microscope to look at dust grains floating in water and discovered that they moved about erratically — a phenomenon that became known as " Brownian motion ".

French physicist Jean Perrin used Einstein's work to experimentally determine the mass and dimensions of atoms, thereby conclusively verifying Dalton's atomic theory.

Basic theories, such as arithmetic, real analysis and complex analysis are often introduced non-axiomatically, but implicitly or explicitly there is generally an assumption that the axioms being used are the axioms of Zermelo – Fraenkel set theory with choice, abbreviated ZFC, or some very similar system of axiomatic set theory like Von Neumann – Bernays – Gödel set theory, a conservative extension of ZFC.

Sometimes slightly stronger theories such as Morse-Kelley set theory or set theory with a strongly inaccessible cardinal allowing the use of a Grothendieck universe are used, but in fact most mathematicians can actually prove all they need in systems weaker than ZFC, such as second-order arithmetic.

For referring specifically to a U. S. national and things, the words used are estadunidense ( also spelled estado-unidense ) ( United States person ), from Estados Unidos da América, and ianque ( Yankee ), but the term most often used is norte-americano, even though it could, as with its Spanish equivalent, in theory apply to Canadians, Mexicans, etc., as well.

Occasionally, " almost all " is used in the sense of " almost everywhere " in measure theory, or in the closely related sense of " almost surely " in probability theory.

Having concluded that everything in the world is composed of air, Anaximenes then used his theory to devise a scheme explaining the origins and nature of the earth as well as of the surrounding celestial bodies.

He established the consistent use of the chemical balance, used oxygen to overthrow the phlogiston theory, and developed a new system of chemical nomenclature which held that oxygen was an essential constituent of all acids ( which later turned out to be erroneous ).

The theory of special relativity predicts that any such device would allow communication from the future to the past, which raises problems of causality, unless the device used general relativistic curved spacetimes as an integral part.

Chinese astrology has a close relation with Chinese philosophy ( theory of the three harmonies: heaven, earth and man ) and uses concepts such as yin and yang, the Five phases, the 10 Celestial stems, the 12 Earthly Branches, and shichen ( 時辰 a form of timekeeping used for religious purposes ).

The Arrhenius definition of acid – base reactions is a development of the hydrogen theory of acids, devised by Svante Arrhenius, which was used to provide a modern definition of acids and bases that followed from his work with Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald in establishing the presence of ions in aqueous solution in 1884, and led to Arrhenius receiving the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903 for " recognition of the extraordinary services ... rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation ".

* Bar, a notation used in X-bar theory in linguistics