This led to the development of the theory of impetus by 14th century French Jean Buridan, which developed into the modern theories of inertia, velocity, acceleration and momentum.

The second important process is the theory of evolution by Darwin in mid-century ( which decisively influenced the work of Ratzel, who had academic training as a zoologist and was a follower of Darwin's ideas ) which meant an important impetus in the development of Biogeography.

* Inertia replaced the medieval impetus theory, that unnatural motion (" forced " or " violent " rectilinear motion ) is caused by continuous action of the original force imparted by a mover into that which is moved.

* 1340-1358-Jean Buridan develops the theory of impetus

Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ), Ibn Bajjah ( Avempace ) and Thomas Aquinas developed the theory of inertia in the celestial spheres, while Avicenna ( Ibn Sina ) and Jean Buridan developed the theory of impetus in the celestial spheres.

Moreover, he rejected the view that the impetus dissipated spontaneously ( this is the big difference between Buridan's theory of impetus and his predecessors ), asserting that a body would be arrested by the forces of air resistance and gravity which might be opposing its impetus.

Buridan used the theory of impetus to give an accurate qualitative account of the motion of projectiles but he ultimately saw his theory as a correction to Aristotle, maintaining core peripatetic beliefs including a fundamental qualitative difference between motion and rest.

The theory of impetus was also adapted to explain celestial phenomena in terms of circular impetus.

Their pioneering calculations were the impetus for Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker and Hans Bethe, in 1939, to put forth the correct theory of stellar thermonuclear energy generation.

Also noteworthy is Marsilius ’ theory behind impetus.

* Theory of impetus, an auxiliary theory of Aristotelian dynamics

* Jean Buridan: theory of impetus

Although internalist histories of modern science tend to emphasize the norms of modern science, internalist histories can also consider the different systems of thought underlying the development of Babylonian astronomy or Medieval impetus theory

The Theory of impetus introduced a third stage to the two stage theory of Avicenna.

Smith's writing gave impetus to the propagation of the theory.

In physics, he helped develop Jean Buridan's theory of " impetus ," which anticipated the work of Galileo and Newton.

While constructionism has, due to its impetus, been primarily used in science and mathematics teaching ( in the form of inquiry-based science ), it is arguable that it developed in a different form in the field of media studies in which students often engage with media theory and practice simultaneously, in a complementary praxis.

In the latter work Philoponus became one of the earliest thinkers to reject Aristotle ’ s dynamics and propose the ‘ theory of impetus ’: i. e. an object moves and continues to move because of an energy imparted in it by the mover, and ceases movement when that energy is exhausted.

In this work he transfers his theory of impetus to the motion of the planets, whereas Aristotle had proposed different explanations for the motion of heavenly bodies and for earthly projectiles.

There is strong quantitative support for the theory that all living organisms on Earth are descended from a common ancestor.

The most recent theory of the origins of Hippopotamidae suggests that hippos and whales shared a common semi-aquatic ancestor that branched off from other artiodactyls around.

The most recent theory into the origins of hippopotamidae suggests that hippos and whales shared a common semi-aquatic ancestor that branched off from other artiodactyls around 60 million years ago.

* Coelomic metaplasia: This theory is based on the fact that coelomic epithelium is the common ancestor of endometrial and peritoneal cells and hypothesizes that later metaplasia ( transformation ) from one type of cell to the other is possible, perhaps triggered by inflammation.

As fiefdoms were divided and subdivided among descendants, so additional sub-surnames known as shi were created to distinguish between different seniority of lineages among the nobles though in theory they shared the same ancestor.

Evolutionary biologist Carsten Niemitz states that he believes the AAH as expressed by Morgan didn't fulfill the criteria of a theory or a hypothesis, merely listing analogies of features of savannah type mammals on the one hand and of aquatic mammals and man on the other, asking the scientific community for explanations other than a common aquatic ancestor of extant man.

In theory, a line could adopt a rule that only children shown by DNA testing to have inherited the DNA of the founder of the line, or some other ancestor, could inherit a throne.

The study suggested that those patrilines belonging to haplogroup D are possibly the first modern human groups in East Asia based on the Out of Africa theory because their ancestor haplogroup DE is found in African people in Nigeria along with Tibetan in East Asia.

A member of the British Royal Family being reliably diagnosed with porphyria subsequently added credence to the theory – first proposed by Professor Macalpine in the late 1960s – that porphyria was the source of the ill-health of both Mary, Queen of Scots ( an ancestor of both of William's parents ) and of George III and that the disorder had been inherited by some members of the Royal Families of Great Britain, Prussia and several minor German dukedoms and principalities.

Zermelo set theory, as set out in an important paper in 1908 by Ernst Zermelo, is the ancestor of modern set theory.

Their findings support the JSIM theory since our ancestor ’ s concerns of paternal uncertainty and parental investment are reflected in modern humans through the subjects ’ sex-related responses and anxieties.

The position of the Roman Catholic Church on the theory of evolution has changed over the last two centuries from a large period of no official mention, to a statement of neutrality in the 1950s, to limited guarded acceptance in recent years, rejecting the materialistic and reductionist philosophies behind it, and insisting that the human soul was immediately infused by God, and the reality of a single human ancestor ( commonly called monogenism ) for all of mankind.

By comparing skeletons of apes to man T. H. Huxley ( 1825 – 1895 ) backed up Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, first expressed in On the Origin of Species ( 1859 ), and developed the " Pithecometra principle " which stated that man and ape were descended from a common ancestor.

M. theobaldi itself had teeth intermediate in size between sloth bears and other bear species, though its palate was the same size as the former species, leading to the theory that it is the sloth bear's direct ancestor.

One theory is that this reflects how a common ancestor of all arthropods evolved ; starting its life as a small animal with a pair of appendages used for feeding and two pairs used for locomotion, while new segments and segmental appendages were gradually added as it was growing.

Given any gene in the body of an organism, we can trace a single chain of ancestor organisms back in time, following the lineage of this one gene, as stated in the coalescent theory.

In evolutionary theory, species which share an evolutionary ancestor are said to be of common descent.

* Lowest common ancestor, in graph theory, the lowest node in T that has both v and w as descendants

The " Insular Celtic hypothesis " is a theory that the Brythonic and Goidelic languages evolved together in those islands, having a common ancestor more recent than any shared with the Continental Celtic languages such as Celtiberian, Gaulish, Galatian and Lepontic, among others, all of which are long extinct.

McWhorter is a proponent of the theory that the Ngadha language originated when " little people " were " subjugated " into Indonesian society in the past, and he speculates this rare linguistic transformation would have occurred to the ancestor of Ngadha and the related Keo and Rongga languages.

Through his father he is the heir of the family of Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford ( hence the double surname ), and has played a prominent role in promoting the Oxfordian theory that his ancestor wrote the works of William Shakespeare.

According to the theory, a multinucleated unicellular ciliate ancestor would give rise to organisms similar to modern turbellarian flatworms by cellularization of the external layer.

One theory is that the three-part body originates from an early common ancestor of all the deuterostomes, and maybe even from a common bilateral ancestor of both the deuterostomes and protostomes.