It is a term coined by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge to contrast with their model of punctuated equilibrium, which is gradualist itself, but argues that most evolution is marked by long periods of evolutionary stability ( called stasis ), which is punctuated by rare instances of branching evolution.

Stephen H. West argues that there is a direct correlation between the growth of the restaurant businesses and institutions of theatrical stage drama, gambling and prostitution which served the burgeoning merchant middle class during the Song Dynasty.

For example, Australian professor Stephen Wheatcroft argues that these penal camps were neither as large nor as deadly as is often claimed.

Philosopher Stephen Maitzen has called this the " Heaven Swamps Everything " theodicy, and argues that it is false because it conflates compensation and justification.

As Stephen Roy Miller argues in his 1998 edition of A Shrew ( although he does so in support of his adaptation theory ), " the differences between the texts are substantial and coherent enough to establish that there was deliberate revision in producing one text out of the other ; hence A Shrew is not merely a poor report ( or ' bad quarto ') of The Shrew.

In his book Wonderful Life, Stephen Jay Gould argues that if the tape of life were re-wound and played back, life would have taken a very different course.

Stephen Brumwell argues just the opposite, stating that contemporaries of Braddock, like John Forbes and Henry Bouquet, recognized that " war in the forests of America was a very different business from war in Europe.

Harvard economist Stephen Marglin argues that while the " invisible hand " is the " most enduring phrase in Smith's entire work ", it is " also the most misunderstood.

Stephen Haseler argues that America is becoming an inheritance culture in which much economic opportunity is from family inheritance and not personal achievement.

Stephen A. Kent ( 2001 ) argues that at least part of the reason for the establishment of the Sea Org was that the Church of Scientology's practices encountered resistance from the American Food and Drug Administration and the IRS, and from the governments of Australia, the UK and Rhodesia.

Boston University religion scholar Stephen Prothero argues that non-denominationalism hides the fundamental theological and spiritual issues that drove the division of Christianity into denominations in the first place behind a veneer of " Christian unity.

Stephen Omohundro argues that all advanced AI systems will, unless explicitly counteracted, exhibit a number of basic drives / tendencies / desires because of the intrinsic nature of goal-driven systems and that these drives will, “ without special precautions ”, cause the AI to act in ways that range from the disobedient to the dangerously unethical.

Stephen Gudeman, for example, argues that the central processes of making a livelihood are culturally constructed.

* Girolamo Arnaldi, “ Papa Formoso e gli imperatori della casa di Spoleto ,” Annali della facoltà di lettere e filosofia di Napoli 1 ( 1951 ), discusses the political circumstances of the synod, and argues that Stephen ( VI ) VII may have convened it at the impetus of Guido IV.

In a conversation with MacDonald, Stephen argues about the various qualities of the gaelic poet Ossian's writing and authenticity.

Stephen Skinner further argues that the ritual is in fact an exorcism.

Critic Stephen Burn, in his book on Infinite Jest, argues that YDAU corresponds to 2009: the MIT Language Riots took place in 1997 ( n. 24 ) and those riots occurred 12 years before YDAU ( n. 60 ).

Likewise Stephen Cooper, in his 2004 book Philip Larkin: Subversive Writer, argues that the stylistic and thematic influences of Trouble at Willow Gables and Michaelmas Term at St Brides anticipate the poetry's recurrent concern with rebellion and conformity.

During travels in the north, Stephen meets Vinculus, who recites his prophecy: " the nameless slave shall be a king in a strange country ... " Stephen believes it applies to him, but the gentleman with thistle-down hair argues that it applies to the Raven King.

Stephen Stich argues that people often have beliefs or desires which are irrational or bizarre, and IST doesn ’ t allow us to say anything about these.

Marshall argues that, contrary to Black ’ s stated goal of making sociology more scientific, his approach is actually antithetical to modern scientific values and practices — a theme reiterated by Stephen Turner in the same symposium.

Stephen Melville follows Fried in suggesting that theatricality has been construed as a threat to the autonomy of art ; he also argues that Fried's analysis is limited by accepting on its own terms the response of art to this threat.

Stephen Krasner also argues that bureaucratic procedures and bureaucratic politics are not what shape American foreign policy.

When asked by a Newsweek reporter if he wished to play a political role, Stephen Jones replied, " It would not be my choice.

During the 2008 Canadian parliamentary dispute, two of Canada's opposition parties signed an agreement to form what would become the country's second coalition government since Confederation if the minority Conservative government was defeated on a vote of non-confidence ; unseating Stephen Harper as Prime Minister.

Following the murder of Stephen Lawrence, the Macpherson Report recommended that the double jeopardy rule should be abrogated in murder cases, and that it should be possible to subject an acquitted murder suspect to a second trial if " fresh and viable " new evidence later came to light.

He had asked Raimi if he would direct a theatrical adaptation of the Stephen King ( written under his Richard Bachman pseudonym ) novel Thinner.

The ambiguity in his belief in religion mirrored the dichotomies between his public and private lives: Stephen Ingle wrote that it was as if the writer George Orwell " vaunted " his atheism while Eric Blair the individual retained " a deeply ingrained religiosity ".

In what Stephen Jay Gould has called " glorious purple prose ," Gosse argued that if one assumed creation ex nihilo, there would necessarily be traces of previous existence that had never actually occurred.

Historian and biographer Edmund King, whilst painting a slightly more positive picture than Davis, also concludes that Stephen, while a stoic, pious and genial leader, was also rarely, if ever, his own man, usually relying upon stronger characters such as his brother or wife.

Some scientists think a more mathematical approach than philosophy is needed for a ToE, for instance Stephen Hawking wrote in A Brief History of Time that even if we had a ToE, it would necessarily be a set of equations.

Some scientists think a more mathematical approach than philosophy is needed for a TOE, for instance Stephen Hawking wrote in A Brief History of Time that even if we had a TOE, it would necessarily be a set of equations.

" Stephen Hinshaw, a professor of psychology at the University of California, Berkeley, states that concerns regarding the overmedicalization of children are legitimate but even gifted children with ADHD learn better with more structure rather than less, even if the structure initially causes difficulties.

Henry saw to it that the Anglo-Norman barons, including Stephen, twice swore to accept Matilda as ruler if Henry died without a male heir of his body.

Stephen J. Joyce, grandson of James Joyce, at a 1986 academic conference of Joyceans in Copenhagen, said “ If my grandfather was here, he would have died laughing ... Dubliners and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man can be picked up, read, and enjoyed by virtually anybody without scholarly guides, theories, and intricate explanations, as can Ulysses, if you forget about all the hue and cry.

Stephen Jay Gould called this approach to explaining evolution as terminal addition ; as if every evolutionary advance was added as new stage by reducing the duration of the older stages.

The business journal Investment Business Daily recently claimed mathematician and astrophysicist Stephen Hawking, who has ALS and speaks with the aid of an American accented voice synthesizer, would not have survived if he had been treated in the British National Health Service.

In the late 1970s, Pickens was offered the part of Dick Hallorann in Kubrick's adaptation of Stephen King's The Shining, but Pickens stipulated that he would appear in the film only if Kubrick was required to shoot Pickens ' scenes in fewer than 100 takes.

Historian and biographer Stephen W. Sears has called McClellan's actions " essentially sound " if he had been as outnumbered as he believed, but McClellan in fact rarely had less than a two-to-one advantage over his opponents in 1861 and 1862.

Given that both Jonathan and Peleg Card were scheduled to be tried by the Vermont Committee of Safety ( Peleg died 6 Sep 1777, and it is unknown if the trial was actually held ) it is likely that Philo Card is, in reality, Peleg Card ( 1740 – 1777 ) --- and Stephen ( 1748 – 1798 ) -- ( Source: National Archives of Canada, WO 28 / 10, Reel B-2867, pp. 17 – 18.

The beginnings of an Anglo-Welsh tradition are found by some in the novels of Allen Raine ( Anne Adalisa ( Evans ) Puddicombe ) ( 1836 – 1908 ), from Newcastle Emlyn, Carmarthenshire, whose work, Stephen Thomas Knight proposes, " realised a real, if partial, separate identity and value for a Welsh social culture ".

In the next year, Elisabeth lived primarily in Gödöllő and Buda-Pest, leaving her neglected and resentful Austrian subjects to trade rumors that if the infant she was expecting were a son, she would call him Stephen ( the patron saint of Hungary ).

Theobald claimed that Stephen had gained the throne through perjury, implying that if the archbishop crowned Eustace, Theobald would be perpetuating this crime.

During the post-show Q & A session, one of the members of The Stephen Sondheim Society asked Mr. Sondheim if he would now allow the show to be performed publicly.

ABC Entertainment President Stephen McPherson said, " We are talking to the studio to see if there's something financially, a deal that would make sense for us ".

Presented as if it were a live rugby match between York and Lancaster, the ' play ' featured commentary from Falstaff ( Stephen Flett ), which was broadcast live for the audience.