1648 marked the effective end of the Holy Roman Empire and the beginning of the modern nation-state system, with Germany divided into numerous independent states, such as Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony.

The Dutch Revolt, beginning in 1568, saw the Dutch Republic reject the rule of Habsburg Spain in a conflict that lasted until 1648.

This happened at the beginning of the 80 year war ( 1568 – 1648 ) when the Netherlands were still part of the Spanish Empire.

In 1648, however, he received the command in the important field of the Low Countries, and at Lens ( 19 August ) a battle took place, which, beginning with a panic in his own regiment, was retrieved by Condé's coolness and bravery, and ended in a victory that fully restored his prestige.

The Counter-Reformation ( also the Catholic Revival or Catholic Reformation ) was the period of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent ( 1545 – 1563 ) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years ' War ( 1648 ), which is sometimes considered a response to the Protestant Reformation.

Due to the inheritance laws of the house of Welden, the market town was divided into two different territories, Großlaupheim and Kleinlaupheim ( Great Laupheim and Little Laupheim ), in 1621, at the beginning of the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 – 1648 ), each territory being ruled by its own dynasty.

Lind describes First Generation of warfare as beginning after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ending the Thirty Years ' War and establishing the state ’ s need to organize and conduct war.

From 1648, the Cossack Khmelnytsky Uprising engulfed the south and east, and was soon followed by a Swedish invasion, which raged through core Polish lands.

In 1648, the peasants of Ukraine joined the Zaporozhian Cossacks in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania during the Khmelnytsky Uprising, because of the social and religious oppression they suffered under Polish rule.

Both brothers returned to Poland in 1648 and volunteered for the army during the Khmelnytsky Uprising.

In 1648 the Zaporizhian Host ( the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth subject ) elected the Hetman of their own ( Bohdan Khmelnytsky ) igniting the Ukrainian struggle for independence.

Tens of thousands of Jews were massacred by Cossacks in Ukraine during the Khmelnytsky Uprising of 1648 – 1657, and thousands more during the Koliyivshchyna in 1768-1769.

The city, however, faced numerous invasions, including the siege by the Cossacks led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky in 1648, the leader of the uprising against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ( 1648 – 1654 ) which resulted in the creation of a Cossack state, and during the Swedish Deluge in 1656.

During the Khmelnytsky Uprising in 1648, the Cossacks invaded Gomel, and killed 2, 000 Jews.

The local Karaim community, the backbone of the town's economy, suffered severely during the Khmelnytsky Uprising and the massacres of 1648.

Władysław's death marked the end of relative stability in the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth, as conflicts and tensions that had been growing over several decades came to a head with devastating events, notably the greatest of the Cossack uprisings — the Khmelnytsky Uprising ( 1648 ) — and the Swedish invasion (" the Deluge ", 1655 – 60 ).

With the increasing persecutions from the 1648 Khmelnytsky Uprising onwards, especially the 19th century Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire, the approach to Germany was heightened.

On the May 16, 1648 he was one of the many noble Polish prisoners who fell into the hands of Bohdan Khmelnytsky at the battle of Zhovti Vody, but he was quickly ransomed.

In a wider sense it applies to the period between the Khmelnytsky ( Chmielnicki ) Uprising of 1648 and the Truce of Andrusovo in 1667, thus comprising the Polish – Lithuanian theaters of the Russo-Polish and Second Northern Wars.

In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky led a popular uprising of Zaporozhian Cossacks and Ukrainian peasants discontented with the rule of Polish and Lithuanian magnates.

On the other hand the Commonwealth, under king John II Casimir Vasa since 1648, experienced a crisis resulting both from the Cossack Khmelnytsky Uprising in the southeast and from the paralysis of the administration due to the internal quarrels of the nobility, including feuds between the king and the Lithuanian hetman Janusz Radziwiłł and feuds among disagreeing sejmiks who had been able to stall each other's ambitions with the liberum veto since 1652.

Furthermore, the wars of the mid-17th century destroyed the town twice ; first in 1648, when the town was burned by the Cossacks of Bohdan Khmelnytsky ; then in 1655, by the Swedes during the deluge.

Galicia was many times subjected to incursions by Tartars and Ottoman Turkey in the 16th and 17th centuries, however they were driven out, devastated during the Khmelnytsky Uprising ( 1648 – 1654 ), the Russo-Polish War ( 1654 – 1667 ), and inconvenienced by Swedish invasions during The Deluge ( 1655 – 1660 ), and the Swedes returned during the Great Northern War of the early 18th century.

These conflicts began in 1648 when Bohdan Khmelnytsky instigated the Khmelnytsky Uprising against the Polish aristocracy and the Jews who administered their estates.

During The Deluge the town was captured by the forces of Bohdan Khmelnytsky in 1648.

The Polish Golden Age refers to the times from 15th century Jagiellon Poland to the death of the last of the Jagiellons, Sigismund August in 1569, or mid-17th century, when in 1648 the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was ravaged by the Khmelnytsky Uprising and The Deluge and the Golden Age ended.

Even more Cossacks moved to the area during the Khmelnytsky Uprising ( 1648 – 1657 ) and the internecine wars in the Cossack Hetmanate ( 1659 – 1679 ).

In 1648 Janów was captured and burned by the Cossacks of Bohdan Khmelnytsky.

Finally, the King's adamant refusal to bow to the Cossack's demand to expand the Cossack Registry was the last straw that prompted the largest and most successful of these: the Khmelnytsky uprising that started in 1648.

Under such circumstances, peasant disorders were endemic ; even the citizens of Moscow revolted against the Romanovs during the Salt Riot ( 1648 ), Copper Riot ( 1662 ), and the Moscow Uprising ( 1682 ).

Pessimism in the south was more intense after the Cossacks ' Uprising ( 1648 – 1654 ) under Chmielnicki and the turbulent times in Poland ( 1648 – 1660 ), which violently ruined the Jewry of South East Poland, but did not much affect that of Lithuania and Estonia.

However, during the Khmelnytsky Uprising of 1648 it was captured by the cossacks under Maxym Kryvonis and severely damaged.

The assistance of İslâm III Giray during the Khmelnytsky Uprising 1648 contributed greatly to the initial momentum of military successes for Cossacks.

The Khmelnytsky Uprising, was a Cossack rebellion in Rus / Ruthenian lands located in present-day Ukraine from 1648 – 1657, which turned into a Cossack war of liberation from Poland.

Chernihiv ( Chernigov, Czernihów ) Voivodeship () was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland ( Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ) from 1635 until Khmelnytsky Uprising in 1648 ( but technically existed up until 1654 ).

Its growth was halted by the Chmielnicki Uprising of 1648, during which the town was captured by Cossacks, plundered and burnt.

He took part in the losing battle of Pyliavtsi in 1648 during the Chmielnicki Uprising.

* The Battle of Korsun in 1648 during the Khmelnytsky Uprising

The misfortunes were started in 1648 by Bohdan Chmielnicki, who started a large-scale Cossack uprising in Ukraine.

After the civil war of 1648 ( or Rebellion from the Polish viewpoint ) the Zaporozhian Host gained control of parts of Ukraine in 1649, although they at various time acknowledged the Polish King over the following decades.

Therefore before 1648 with the establishment of Cossack Hetmanate there were numerous regional hetmans across the Dnieper Ukraine, who usually were starostas or voivodes.

* Bohdan Khmelnytsky ( 1648 – 1657 ) was the first Hetman of the Cossack Hetmanate, who is credited for ending Poland's control of Ukraine which he placed under the protection of Russia.

From the 15th century to the late 17th century it was fought over by Muscovy, the Polish Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire, as well as by the Hetmans of Central Ukraine ( after 1648 ).

From 1648 to 1669 the city was the capital of Ukraine ( Cossack Hetmanate ).

By 1648, in the close proximity of today's Nikopol, Mykytyn Sich was built, renowned for the fact that it was here that Bohdan Khmelnytsky was elected as the Hetman of Ukraine, and it was here that war against the Catholic Polish state has started.

At the heart of the storyline backplot and that of Flint's Eastern European thread is the Chmielnicki Rebellion, refers to a rebellion or war of liberation in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ( present-day Ukraine ), which raged from 1648 – 1654 and involved massive anti-semitic pogroms.

Khmelnytsky ’ s Cossack rebellion against the Polish land owners from 1648 through 1651, followed by the Russian-Swedish wars against Poland-Lithuania from 1654-1656, devastated the Jewish population of western Ukraine.

The creation of a Duchy of Ruthenia was considered at various times, particularly during the 1648 Cossack insurrection against Polish rule in Ukraine.