Classes within Chinese society were not closed, and imperial China had not been aristocratic since the third century BCE because of " the meritocratic line in Confucian thinking would eventually find realization under the empire in the remarkable Chinese civil service examination.

This in combination with a shift towards a meritocratic officer corps led to many promotions within the ranks.

He believed that the reform of the civil service into a meritocratic system and the disappearance of the ancient Chinese nobility from the bureaucracy constituted a modern society.

Originally, a Chinese-inspired legal system and constitution known as ritsuryō was enacted in the 6th century ( in the late Asuka period and early Nara period ); it described a government based on an elaborate and theoretically rational meritocratic bureaucracy, serving under the ultimate authority of the emperor and organised following Chinese models.

Meadows successfully argued in his Desultory Notes on the Government and People of China, published in 1847, that " the long duration of the Chinese empire is solely and altogether owing to the good government which consists in the advancement of men of talent and merit only ," and that the British must reform their civil service by making the institution meritocratic.

In addition to Confucius, another ancient Chinese philosopher of the same period ( that of the Warring States ) advocated a meritocratic system of government and society.

Meadows successfully argued in his Desultory Notes on the Government and People of China, published in 1847, that " the long duration of the Chinese empire is solely and altogether owing to the good government which consists in the advancement of men of talent and merit only ," and that the British must reform their civil service by making the institution meritocratic.

Like " utilitarian " and " pragmatic ", the word " meritocratic " has also developed a broader definition, and can be used to refer to any government run by " a ruling or influential class of educated or able people.

" As the Qin and Han dynasties developed a meritocratic system in order to maintain power over a large, sprawling empire, it became necessary for the government to maintain a complex network of officials.

Confucianism advocated a hierarchical, meritocratic government based on empathy, loyalty, and interpersonal relationships.

It is a meritocratic system ; every year the Civil Service Examination holds examinations to test candidates for government jobs.

The meritocratic culture, which requires some skills testing for passports to college, graduate school, and even government service, is dominant on Taiwan ’ s policy.

In 191, King Gogukcheon adopted a meritocratic system for selecting government officials.

This is perpetuated by a meritocratic culture that measures merit through testing, with entrance into college, graduate school, and government service decided entirely on testing.

* 1804: The Napoleonic code forbids privileges based on birth, establishes freedom of religion, and specifies a meritocratic system for government jobs

The " Tithe Youth " is now a public policy that seeks to strengthen the democratic system with the effective involvement of young people at all levels of government, both in the places where decisions are made in government and public administration, implementing meritocratic criteria, and also encouraging active youth participation in government and social audit.

Higher education is an imperfect meritocratic screening system for various reasons, such as lack of uniform standards worldwide, lack of scope ( not all occupations and processes are included ), and lack of access ( some talented people never have an opportunity to participate because of the expense, most especially in developing countries ).

The Merit Clan is the host of all meritocratic political parties in the world and the place where these can be found by country of origin.

* " Merit Clan ", The official host of all meritocratic political parties.

After all, Georges Vacher de Lapouge ( 1854 – 1936 ) a leading theorist of scientific racism, had been a SFIO member, although he was strongly opposed to the " Teachers ' Republic " ( République des instituteurs ) and its meritocratic ideal of individual advancement and fulfillment through education, a Republican ideal founded on the philosophy of the Enlightenment.

* In the Indian subcontinent, the jagir ( a type of fief ) was often thus assigned to individual junior relatives of the ruling house of a princely state, but not as a customary right of birth, though in practice usually hereditarily held, and not only to them but also to commoners, normally as an essentially meritocratic grant of land and taxation rights ( guaranteeing a ' fitting ' income, in itself bringing social sway, in the primary way in a mainly agricultural society ), or even as part of a deal.

The extent to which a nation is open and meritocratic is influential, but an arbitrary system of promotion can also lead to mobility: a society in which traditional or religious caste systems dominate is unlikely to present the opportunity for social mobility.

While the exams were meritocratic, most examinees were of the gentry background.

The capacity of the Parliament to solve major social and economic problems was stymied by confrontations between the representatives of the largely uneducated common man and the representatives of the former estates, accustomed to meritocratic rule and attitudes.

; Hackers should be judged by their hacking, not criteria such as degrees, age, race, sex, or position: Inherent in the hacker ethic is a meritocratic system where superficiality is disregarded in esteem of skill.

According to meritocratic theories, goods, especially wealth and social status, should be distributed to match individual merit, which is usually understood as some combination of talent and hard work.

He changed the previous meritocratic system of social hierarchy and widened the divide between pipiltin ( nobles ) and macehualtin ( commoners ) by prohibiting commoners from working in the royal palaces.

The most common form of meritocratic screening found today is the college degree.

However, academic degrees serve some amount of meritocratic screening purpose in the absence of more refined methodology.

The first European power to successfully implement a meritocratic civil service was the British Empire, in their administration of India: " company managers hired and promoted employees based on competitive examinations in order to prevent corruption and favoritism.

Two years later in 1883, the system of appointments to the United States Federal Bureaucracy was revamped by the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, partially based on the British meritocratic civil service that had been established years earlier.

Proponents of Social Darwinism argue that the theory justifies social inequality as being meritocratic.

This had, as its central tenet, the absolute rule of law, but also contained numerous meritocratic elements.

Another Legalist, Shang Yang implemented Legalist and meritocratic reforms in the state of Qin by abolishing the aristocracy and promoting individuals based on their skill, intelligence, and initiative.

Napoleonic ( Revolutionary ) France is considered to have been meritocratic.

On their website the Meritocracy Party lists 5 meritocratic principles and 13 primary aims.

As people rise in a meritocratic society through the corporate ladder, they reach and are stuck at the first level of what they are unable to do.

In his book, Twilight of the Elites: America After Meritocracy, Chris Hayes has attributed what he calls the ' Fail Decade ' — which includes 9 / 11, the Enron scandal, the invasion of Iraq, Hurricane Katrina, the subprime crisis and the Great Recession — to the deterioration of America's meritocratic system into one of plutocracy.

The CEM role and leadership within a limited liability company is comparable to the role of Chief executive officer within corporate governance.

As Australia shares its monarch equally with fifteen other countries in the Commonwealth of Nations and the sovereign lives predominantly outside New South Wales ' borders, the governor's primary task is to perform the sovereign's constitutional duties on his or her behalf, acting within the principles of parliamentary democracy and responsible government as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and as a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power.

As Canada shares its monarch equally with fifteen other countries in the Commonwealth of Nations and the sovereign lives predominantly outside Canada's borders, the governor general's primary task is to perform the sovereign's constitutional duties on his or her behalf, acting within the principles of parliamentary democracy and responsible government as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and as a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power.

Economic norms theory links economic conditions with institutions of governance and conflict, distinguishing personal clientelist economies from impersonal market-oriented ones, identifying the latter with permanent peace within and between nations.

Such people emphasize the American tradition of always returning governance back to the indigenous people, even allowing Native Americans to have sovereign nations within American borders, which are focused on decolonization, and insisting on a rejection of previous isolationist policies, do not constitute the embrace of imperialism.

* Anthropologists, sociologists, and geographers use political economy in referring to the regimes of politics or economic values that emerge primarily at the level of states or regional governance, but also within smaller social groups and social networks.

Despite selling more than a million copies by 1945, its influence within Nazism ( beyond providing specious intellectual cover for unintellectual governance ) remains doubtful.

But the authority for these acts stems from the Canadian populace and, within the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy, the sovereign's direct participation in any of these areas of governance is limited, with most related powers entrusted for exercise by the elected and appointed parliamentarians, the ministers of the Crown generally drawn from amongst them, and the judges and justices of the peace.

Dutch politics and governance are characterised by a common striving for broad consensus on important issues, within both the political community and society as a whole.

The use of the term " dictatorship " does not refer to the Classical Roman concept of the dictatura ( the governance of a state by a small group with no democratic process ), but instead to the Marxist concept of dictatorship ( that an entire societal class holds political and economic control, within a democratic system ).

Overarching all internal governance processes within a single colony is the broader " Bishop " structure of leaders from across a " branch " ( Lehrer -, Darius-or Schmiedeleut ) such that all colonies within each branch are subject to the broader decision-making of that branch's " Bishop " council.

Full communion involves completeness of " those bonds of communion – faith, sacraments and pastoral governance – that permit the Faithful to receive the life of grace within the Church.

Currently Longboat Key is located within two Florida counties, Manatee County in the north and Sarasota County in the south, but there have been calls for the Florida Legislature to pursue an initiative to create a 68th county, " Longboat Key County ," to simplify governance of the island.

A community settled in the early 18th century as Bottle Hill and located in Morris Township when the area was within the English Province of New Jersey, became subject to governance by the new township.

The role of the non-state actors within the governance regarding Medias will not be neglected anymore due to a holistic approach.

Some municipalities in the Kingdom of Sweden have divided their territory into smaller areas, which often are assigned an administrative board responsible for certain elements of municipal governance within their district.

During a reorganisation in 1542 it was transferred to St Martin in the Fields, and then in 1645 a new parish was created, splitting governance of the estate between the parishes of St Paul Covent Garden and St Martin, both still within the Liberty of Westminster.

In leadership roles, accountability is the acknowledgment and assumption of responsibility for actions, products, decisions, and policies including the administration, governance, and implementation within the scope of the role or employment position and encompassing the obligation to report, explain and be answerable for resulting consequences.

In 2010 the island's parliament indicated its continuing endorsement of government by committees and consensus when it approved by a large majority a motion which proposed that governance arrangements should be improved strictly within the existing system of government.

Interceding within that spectrum for the actual availing of collective governance to be allotted systematization and their undivided agency, but relegated for the regulation of such freedom toward constructed entities is the federative process.

Home rule is the power of a constituent part ( administrative division ) of a state to exercise such of the state's powers of governance within its own administrative area that have been deputed to it by the central government.

In a similar fashion to Ireland, supporters of Home Rule in Scotland have historically desired greater levels of devolved governance within the United Kingdom.