" Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser " became the official anthem of the emperor of the Austrian Empire and the subsequent Austro-Hungarian Empire until the end of the Austrian monarchy in 1918.

Austrian monarchists continued to use this anthem after 1918 in the hope of restoring the monarchy.

Royalists and their allies still dreamed of restoring the monarchy to power, while the Prussian and Austrian crowns did not accept their territorial losses during the previous war.

The Holy Roman Empire was in theory an elective monarchy, but from the 15th century onwards the electors often merely formalised what was a dynastic succession within the Austrian House of Habsburg, with the title usually passing to the eldest surviving son of the deceased Emperor.

On the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, Andrássy resolutely defended the neutrality of the Austrian monarchy, and in his speech on 28 July 1870 warmly protested against the assumption that it was in the interests of Austria to seek to recover the position she had held in Germany before 1863.

When war became inevitable between Russia and the Porte, Andrássy arranged with the Russian court that, in case Russia prevailed, the status quo should not be changed to the detriment of the Austrian monarchy.

The Austrians, in their turn, rapidly expanded their empire: in 1718 an important part of Wallachia, called Oltenia, was incorporated to the Austrian monarchy and was only returned in 1739.

Both his parents, Hugo Perutz and Dely Goldschmidt, came from families of textile manufacturers who had made their fortune in the 19th century by the introduction of mechanical spinning and weaving into the Austrian monarchy.

In 1781 Vega tried to push further his idea in the Austrian Habsburg monarchy about the usage of the decimal metric system of units.

Austrian monarchy.

Pragmatically, Louis Bonaparte supported Italian nationalist aspirations because he wished particularly to end Austrian rule in Lombardy and Venice: he always nursed a dislike for Austria as the incarnation of reactionary, legitimist monarchy, and as the great barrier to the reconstruction of Europe on nationalist lines.

It may be thus seen as the beginning of Austrian history, and in 1919 there was the concrete idea aired by Heinrich Lammasch, who had been Imperial Austria's last prime minister, to give the young republic the name of " Norische Republik " or " Noric Republic ", because the ancient borders were similar to those of the new state which, at that time, did not wish to be considered the heir of the Habsburg monarchy but an independent, neutral and peaceful state.

The Austrian Republic was preceded by a constitutional monarchy, whose legislative body was elected by, as The New York Times put it, " quasi-universal ( male ) suffrage " for the first time in 1897.

** Austrian monarchy

When the Austrian monarchy made Galicia a province in 1772, Habsburg officials realized that the local East Slavic people were distinct from both Poles and Russians, and still called themselves Ruthenians, until the empire fell apart in 1918.

* Žďár in Moravia, now Žďár nad Sázavou, which was called Saar under the Austrian monarchy.

Zita in later years recalled that after her engagement she had expressed to Charles her worries about the fate of the Austrian Empire and the challenges of the monarchy.

It created the German Empire in 1871 as a German nation-state, effectively excluding the multi-ethnic Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Liechtenstein.

Following the downfall of the monarchy in 1918 the newly founded Austrian Republic became the owner of Schönbrunn Palace and preserved, as a museum, the rooms and chambers.

France declared war on the Habsburg monarchy of Austria on 20 April 1792, and the Kingdom of Prussia joined the Austrian side a few weeks later.

The Treaty of Campo Formio ( or Peace of Campo Formio, or rarely Treaty of Campoformido ) was signed on 18 October 1797 ( 27 Vendémiaire, Year VI ) by Napoleon Bonaparte and Count Philipp von Cobenzl as representatives of revolutionary France and the Austrian monarchy.

Even since abolition of the Austrian monarchy, Max and his descendants have not been considered the rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position.

Vergennes faced an immediate challenge, as the British were planning to have an Austrian candidate Archduke Joseph elected as King of the Romans, a position that designated the next Holy Roman Emperor.

Furthermore, Tyroleans were now subjected to the Bavarian conscription levies, and faced the prospect of having to fight against Austrian troops.

Ott arrived from Montebello on 12 June, increasing the Austrian force to 30, 000 fit troops, who faced a French force about two thousand weaker under Bonaparte, which arrived at Sale on 13 June.

The Austrian right wing faced to the west, the center and the left wing faced toward the southwest.

The Austrian army of 240, 000 faced the Prussian Army of the Elbe ( 39, 000 ) and First Army ( 85, 000 ) on 3 July.

On 11 March 1938, faced with a German invasion aimed at preventing a plebiscite of independence, Schuschnigg resigned as Austrian Chancellor and Seyss-Inquart was reluctantly appointed to the position by Austrian President Wilhelm Miklas.

Later that year, he faced a combined Austrian and Russian force at the Second Battle of Zürich ( 27 September ).

He faced 39 Austrian infantry divisions and 10 cavalry divisions, formed in a row of three defensive lines, although later German reinforcements were brought up.

Frederick soon realised that the force he faced was not the Austrian rearguard, but a full field army.

Sgarbi was arrested in January 2009 by the Austrian EKO Cobra police unit and extradited to Germany where he faced charges of fraud, attempted fraud, and attempted extortion.

After the Battle of Asiago he was captured by the Austrian forces on 10 July 1916 and faced a court-martial in his hometown Trento at the Castello del Buonconsiglio, charged with high treason.

Austrian officials faced constant pressure from the Ottoman government to move Gradaščević as far away from the border as possible.

With him as coach, Rapid won the Austrian Championship of 2004 – 05, nine years after the last triumph, and accordingly qualified for the UEFA Champions League group stage where Rapid faced the teams of Bayern Munich, Juventus and Club Brugge.

As the bow of Guerrier came within range, Goliath opened fire, inflicting severe damage with a double-shotted raking broadside as the British ship turned to port and passed down the unprepared port side of Guerrier, and Foley's Royal Marines and a company of Austrian grenadiers joined the attack, firing their muskets.

The switch among Hutterites from Tirolean German to Carinthian German occurred during years of severe persecution in Europe when Hutterite communities were devastated and survival depended on the conversion of many Austrian Protestant refugees to Hutterite anabaptism.

By 29 June, Prince Friedrich had reached Jitschin and inflicted a severe defeat on the Austrian I Corps under General Clam-Gallas.

In the 1969-70 season, an Austrian coach came to the club, Max Merkel, nicknamed " Mister whip " for using very severe and harsh discipline techniques and training purposes.

In the time of the partitions of Poland and under the Austrian rule, once rich and importance, the town experienced a period of severe impoverishment.

* 1936: Four Austrian and German climbers, Andreas Hinterstoisser, Toni Kurz, Willy Angerer and Edi Rainer, died on the face in severe weather conditions during a retreat from Death Bivouac.

The battle was a severe blow to Austrian interests in the region, and allowed for the further growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy.

The splendour of the performances diminished during the last years of the Austrian rule, due to the severe politics of the Austrian Emperor Joseph II.

The young Austrian skier Gernot Reinstadler was not able to finish the S-curve properly and therefore jumped into the slope boundary ( because he was too far to the right ), where he hooked one ski in the security net and suffered severe injuries to the lower body.

This meant a serious decrease of enrollment which was followed by severe lack of a young generation of academics for the Austrian mining industry.

Clemens von Pirquet, an Austrian physician, discovered that patients who had previously received injections of horse serum or smallpox vaccine had quicker, more severe reactions to a second injection, and he coined the word allergy to describe this hypersensitivity reaction.

The smiling execution squad posed with his body for photographs, which later published did severe damage to the Austrian reputation.

He was made general of infantry in 1759, and on August 11, 1762 inflicted a severe defeat at Reichenbach on an Austrian army endeavouring to relieve Schweidnitz.