It was to provide a safe and spacious crossing for these caravans, and also to make a pleasance for the city, that Shah Abbas 2, in about 1657 built, of sun-baked brick, tile, and stone, the present bridge.

Aga Khan I (; or, less commonly but more correctly (; ), was the title accorded to Hasan Ali Shah (; ; 1804 in Kohak, Iran – 1881 in Bombay, India ), the governor of Kirman, 46th Imam of the Nizari Ismaili Muslims, and prominent Muslim leader in Iran and later in the Indian Subcontinent.

The Imam Hasan Ali Shah was born in 1804 in Kahak, Iran to Shah Khalil Allah, the 45th Ismaili Imam, and Bibi Sarkara, the daughter of Muhammad Sadiq Mahallati ( d. 1815 ), a poet and a Ni ‘ mat Allahi Sufi.

Shah Khalil Allah moved to Yazd in 1815, probably out of concern for his Indian followers, who used to travel to Persia to see their Imam and for whom Yazd was a much closer and safer destination than Kahak.

Two years later, in 1817, Shah Khalil Allah was killed during a conflict between some of his followers and local shopkeepers.

He was succeeded by his eldest son Hasan Ali Shah, also known as Muhammad Hasan, who became the 46th Imam.

Unfortunately, the family was left unprovided for after a conflict between the local Nizaris and Imani Khan Farahani, who had been married to one of the late Imam's daughters Shah Bibi and who had been in charge of the Imam's land holdings.

Hasan Ali Shah thus become known as Aga Khan Mahallati, and the title of Aga Khan was inherited by his successors.

Until Fath Ali Shah's death in 1834, the Imam Hasan Ali Shah enjoyed a quiet life and was held in high esteem at the Qajar court.

Soon after the accession of Muhammad Shah Qajar to the throne of his grandfather, Fath Ali Shah, the Imam Hasan Ali Shah was appointed governor of Kerman in 1835.

Despite the service he rendered to the Qajar government, Hasan Ali Shah was dismissed from the governorship of Kerman in 1837, less than two years after his arrival there, and was replaced by Firuz Mirza Nusrat al-Dawla, a younger brother of Muhammad Shah Qajar.

When it was clear that continuing the resistance was of little use, Hasan Ali Shah sent one of his brothers to Shiraz in order to speak to the governor of Fars to intervene on his behalf and arrange for safe passage out of Kerman.

He was eventually allowed to go to Tehran near the end of 1838-39 where he was able to present his case before the Shah.

Hasan Ali Shah was on a hunting trip at the time, but he sent a messenger to request permission of the monarch to go to Mecca for the hajj pilgrimage.

Hajji Mirza Aqasi sent a messenger to Bahman Mirza to inform him of the spuriousness of Hasan Ali Shah's documents and a battle between Bahman Mīrzā and Hasan Ali Shah broke out in which Bahman Mirza was defeated.

At the time of his arrival in Shahr-i Babak, a formal local governor was engaged in a campaign to drive out the Afghans from the city's citadel, and Hasan Ali Shah joined him in forcing the Afghans to surrender.

The British also negotiated the safe return of Hasan Ali Shah to Persia, which was in accordance with his own wish.

In 1991, Zahir Shah survived an attempt on his life by a knife-wielding assassin who pretended to be a Portuguese journalist.

" From 1973-5, the CIA colluded with Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi of Iran to finance and arm Kurdish rebels in the Second Kurdish-Iraqi War in an attempt to overthrow al-Bakr.

" He next traveled to Tabriz to attempt to present the Shah with his translation of the New Testament, which proved unsuccessful.

She left Iran in February and eventually went to her parents ' home in Cologne, Germany, where the Shah sent his wife's uncle, Senator Sardar Assad Bakhtiari in early March 1958, in a failed attempt to convince her to return to Iran.

After two humiliating defeats, King Prithvi Narayan Shah conquered Kirtipur on his third attempt.

In 1834 Shah Shujah made a last attempt to recover his kingdom.

In 1949 an assassination attempt on the Shah, attributed to the pro-Soviet Tudeh Party, resulted in the banning of that party and the expansion of the Shah's constitutional powers.

In an attempt to appease discontent the Shah made appeals to the moderate clergy, firing his head of SAVAK and promising free elections the next June.

In an attempt to weaken Ayatollah Khomeini's ability to communicate with his supporters, the Shah urged Iraq to deport Khomeini.

Ahmadis argue that the condition of oral debate proposed by Meher Ali Shah was an indirect refusal of Ghulam Ahmad's challenge and a deliberate attempt to trap him, for if he had accepted, he would have broken his promise with God by engaging in debates, but if he had declined, it would have been assumed that Meher Ali Shah was victorious and Ghulam Ahmad had withdrawn.

In 1852, Subh-i-Azal was involved in an uprising in Takur, Iran, which was planned to coincide with the assassination attempt on the life of the Shah.

By mid-1952, an attempt by the Shah to replace Mossadegh backfired and led to riots nationwide ; Mossadegh returned with even greater power.

In February 1949 there was an attempt on the life of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

* Shah Jahani Mahal-Shah Jahan's first attempt at modification of the red sandstone palace

He defeated a further attempt to oust him by his exiled rival Shuja Shah Durrani in 1833 ; however the Sikhs seized all of Peshawar the following year.

( Bikram Sambat ) it was annexed to the Gorkhali kingdom of Nepal by King Prithvi Narayan Shah on his third attempt, after bribing the doorman of the city.

During the reign of last Sayyid ruler Sultan Alam Shah, Bahlul again made another unsuccessful attempt to capture Delhi in 1447.

Vakhtang resided in Russia till 1734, but in that year he resolved to make an attempt to recover his dominions by the co-operation of the Shah of Persia.

However, the Shah ’ s attempt to establish a direct Persian control over the country and the missionary zeal of the Zoroastrian priests soon caused discontent in Christian Lazica and King Gubazes revolted in 548, this time against the Persians.

He also offered assistance to another of Hasan Kucek ’ s uncles, Yagi Basti, as well as to Mas ’ ud Shah of the Injuids, in their attempt to expel Hasan Kucek ’ s cousin Pir Hosayn from Shiraz.

His overall intelligence picture of Shah took a substantial leap when 2nd Lieutenant Regan Turner, a platoon commander with 2 / 3's " Whiskey Company "-a Weapons Company augmented to function like an infantry line company, gathered a wealth of human intelligence about Shah during a patrol, including his full name: Ahmad Shah Dara-I-nur ( Ahmad Shah of the Valley of the Enlightened ones ); his birthplace, the Kuz Kunar District of Nangarhar Province ; his primary alias: Ismael ; his chief allegiance: Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, who was based out of the Shamshatoo Refugee Camp near Peshawar, Pakistan ; his team's size: ten to twenty fighters ; and his aspirations: to impede the upcoming elections and attempt to aid a resurgent Taliban in the region.

Ahmad Shah declared a jihad ( or Islamic holy war ) against the Marathas, and warriors from various Pashtun tribes, as well as other tribes such as the Baloch, Tajiks, and Nawabs in India, answered his call.

Rebellions in the east, such as that of the Qizilbash, plagued much of Bayezid II's reign and were often backed by the Shah of Persia, Ismail, who was eager to promote Shi ' ism to undermine the authority of the Ottoman state.

From then on the employment of gunpowder warfare in India was prevalent, with events such as the " Siege of Belgaum " in 1473 by Sultan Muhammad Shah Bahmani.

Leaders such as Ahmad Shah Massoud received only minor aid compared to Hekmatyar and some of the other parties, although Massoud was named the " Afghan who won the cold war " by the Wall Street Journal.

Shah argues that the Arabic name aghlaq-which was given to such sufi masters-with plural form " aghlaqueen " pronounced with the guttural gh-as the Spanish jota, would have given the word Harlequin.

Reza Shah believed that ancient buildings such as large parts of the Golestan Palace, Takieh-ye Dowlat, the Toopkhaneh Square, the city fortifications and the old citadel among others should not be part of a modern city.

The coronation regalia, such as the Imperial Crown of Russia, the Imperial Orb of Catherine the Great, the Imperial Sceptre with the Orlov Diamond, the Shah Diamond, and others are kept at the Kremlin Armoury and Diamond Fund in Moscow.

All of the main roads and streets in Shah Alam including the new townships such as Setia Alam and Kota Kemuning have signs with their names shown in both Roman and Jawi scripts.

There are many companies who have their main plants in the industrial areas, both local and foreign in dedicated area of Shah Alam such as Section 21 and 26.

Many of Shah Alam residents work in other cities such as Subang Jaya or Kuala Lumpur.

The city is surrounded by many beautiful parks and gardens, such as the Shah Alam Lake Gardens ( developed around seven artificial lakes ), the Bukit Cahaya Sri Alam Agricultural Park ( soon to be National Botanical Gardens ) and the Alam Megah Recreational Park, situated in Section 28.

Recent authors such as Idries Shah and Anthony de Mello have helped popularize these stories beyond Sufi circles.

Muslims in the ' east ' continued to do philosophy, as is evident from the works of Ottoman scholars and especially those living in Muslim kingdoms within the territories of present day Iran and India, such as Shah Waliullah and Ahmad Sirhindi.

Architecture flourished, attaining a high point with the building program of Shah Abbas in Isfahan, which included numerous gardens, palaces ( such as Ali Qapu ), an immense bazaar, and a large imperial mosque.

The courts of Mughal kings such as Akbar, Shah Jahan, Jahangir attracted many Iranian poets and men of learning.

Williams writes, " Such an upbringing presented to a young man of marked intelligence, such as Idries Shah soon proved himself to possess, many opportunities to acquire a truly international outlook, a broad vision, and an acquaintance with people and places that any professional diplomat of more advanced age and longer experience might well envy.

Graves told him not to worry ; even though he had some misgivings about the writing, and was hurt that Shah had not allowed him to proofread it before publication, he said he was " so proud in having assisted in its publication ", and assured Shah that it was " a marvellous book, and will be recognized as such before long.

Other monarchs, such as the former Shah of Iran, have been required to undergo a parliamentary vote of approval before being allowed to ascend to the throne.

An example of such a throne is the Naderi throne, built in 1812 for Fath Ali Shah Qajar.

" Agents " refers to Westernizing Muslim rulers such as the Shah of Iran, whom Khomeini passionately opposed.

This is when mystics or Sufis such as Shah Abdul Latif, Sachal Sarmast, Lal Shahbaz Qalandar ( as well as numerous others ) narrated their theosophical poetry depicting the relationship between humans and Allah.

The Shah introduced novel economic concepts such as profit-sharing for workers and initiated massive government-financed heavy industry projects, as well as the nationalization of forests and pastureland.

Their resentment towards the Shah also grew since they were now stripped of organizations that had represented them in the past, such as political parties, professional associations, trade unions, and independent newspapers.