Pepin invaded Italy twice to settle the Lombard problem and delivered the territory between Rome and Ravenna to the papacy, but left the Lombard kings in possession of their kingdom.

In 1116, Henry had crossed the Alps to lay claim to the Italian territories of Matilda of Tuscany, which she had supposedly left to the papacy on her death.

When Benedict IX left the city after selling the papacy, there was already another aspirant to the See of Peter in the field.

As early as 872 he was a candidate for the papacy, but due to political complications he left Rome and the court of Pope John VIII that year.

Although his pontificate had been so stormy and unhappy that he is said to have regretted on his deathbed that he ever left his monastery, Eugene IV's victory over the Council of Basel and his efforts on behalf of church unity nevertheless contributed greatly to the breakdown of the conciliar movement and restored the papacy to a semblance of the dominant position it had held before the Western Schism ( 1378 – 1417 ).

King William appears to have left the initiative for Stigand's deposition to the papacy, and did nothing to hinder Stigand's authority until the papal legates arrived in England to depose the archbishop and reform the English Church.

In the end, the papacy arranged a settlement that left the abbey dependent on the pope direct, but gave the archbishop spiritual authority over the churches of the Isle of Thanet, which had previously been held by the abbey.

In cartoons and editorials spanning two decades, the magazine blasted and often conjoined both Tammany and the papacy with invidious comparisons that left few readers in doubt as to their complicity.

This work remained useful to critics of the papacy long after Nicholas left Basel.

In 1434 he was appointed maistre de chappelle in Savoy, where he served Duke Amédée VIII ; evidently he left Rome because of a crisis in the finances of the papal choir, and to escape the turbulence and uncertainty during the struggle between the papacy and the Council of Basel.

When Napoleon left for Egypt, King Ferdinand VI of Sicily retook Rome and reinstated the papacy.

When his father was elevated to the papacy as Paul III in 1534, great festivities were celebrated at Valentano, after which Pier Luigi left for Rome.

This rejection was disheartening to Catholic liberals everywhere, and the anti-clerical left saw it as proof that the papacy was inherently reactionary — ready to sacrifice its very autonomy and an Italian state simply to protect narrow temporal interests, such as noble interests in the papal states.

Farrow left his contract for a number of months, ostensibly to finish a book he was writing on the history of the papacy, but soon re-emerged as a contract director for RKO.

Since there was no longer the countervailing power of the papacy and since the Church of England was a creature of the state and had become subservient to it, this meant that there was nothing to regulate the powers of the king, and he became an absolute power.

However, Wycliffe reached no valuation of the papacy before the outbreak of the schism different from his later appraisal.

However, they contend that the New Testament offers no proof that Jesus established the papacy nor even that he established Peter as the first bishop of Rome.

He celebrated the occasion by striking the earliest papal coin, and in a mark of the direction the mediaeval papacy was to take, no longer dated his documents by the Emperor in the east, but by the reign of Charles, king of the Franks.

There is a legend that Benedetto Gaetani was responsible for Celestine V's renunciation of the papacy by convincing him that no person on the earth could go through life without sin.

Pressure for an ecumenical council also grew as the only way to breach the Western Schism, but the conciliar movement made no headway during Boniface's papacy.

Confirming the papacy in the possession of wide territories, he promised to annul the acts of Louis against Clement, to take no part in Italian affairs, and to defend and protect the church.

In March 1153, Frederick concluded the treaty of Constance with the Pope whereby, in return for his coronation, he promised to defend the papacy, to make no peace with king Roger II of Sicily or other enemies of the Church without the consent of Eugene and to help Eugene regain control of the city of Rome.

While Leo was no radical in either theology or politics, his papacy did move the Church back to the mainstream of European life.

There is, however, no Orthodox notion equivalent to the papacy: the Orthodox churches operate in the synodical system, whereby ecclesiastical matters are settled by the competent synod of bishops, in which each bishop has one vote.

The first fruits of this arrangement, which was based on no firmer foundation than the forged " Donation of Constantine ", but destined to give to the papacy a position of independence towards both the Eastern and Western Empires, was the reduction in the autumn, with Norman aid, of Galeria, where the antipope had taken refuge, and the end of the subordination of the papacy to the Roman nobles.

Bucer, however, made no doctrinal concessions: he remained silent on critical matters such as the mass and the papacy.

It was Anselm of St Saba who brought the pallium to England, along with letters from Paschal complaining that the English Church was translating bishops from see to see without papal permission, that legates from the papacy were being refused entry to England and that the king was allowing no appeals to be made to the pope over ecclesiastical issues.

When the empire fell in 476 AD, Rome was no longer the epicentre of European politics and culture ; on the other hand, it was the base of the papacy, which then governed the growing Christian religion, meaning that Rome remained one of Europe's major places of pilgrimage.

During the interregnum that followed, Ottavio again tried to induce the governor of Parma to give up the city to him, but met with no better success ; however, on the election of Giovanni Maria Giocchi to the papacy as Julius III, the duchy was conferred on him in 1551.

Land held directly by the Crown, known as property in the " royal demesne ", is not held under any vestigial feudal tenure ( the crown has no historical overlord other than, for brief periods, the papacy ) and there is therefore no estate to register.

To the end he maintained that John XXII had become a heretic by his four decretals ; that he and his successors had forfeited the papacy, and that no priest supporting them could absolve validly.

During this papacy, a serious dispute arose over the deposition in 991 of Arnulf, Archbishop of Reims, by French churchmen, the Pope's interference leading at first to no definite result.

The papacy, holding universal canonical jurisdiction and in the Middle Ages once rivalling the Holy Roman Emperor for the supreme feudal status of liege lord of all other ( Catholic ) rulers, also maintained the symbol on top of the papal tiara (" triple crown "; there is no separate papal orb ).

However the principalities of some of the highest prelates were not known as prince -( arch ) bishopric, which they effectively were, but rather by a term corresponding to a more prestigious ecclesistial or temporal rank: the three German archbishoprics of Prince-electors ( Cologne, Mainz and Trier ) were styled Kurfürstentum ' Electorate ', the patriarchate ( an archbishopric ) of Aquileia just that, the ( Arch ) Bishop of Rome's Italian principalities the Papal State ( s ); on the other hand the papal principality in France, the Countship of Venaissin, where the papacy had resided in ' Babylonian exile ' in Avignon, but which remained a papal state, separate from the Italian states, even after Avignon had been raised to archbishopric, was simply known by its temporal status, no reference to the highest of all princes of the church.

Although legend associates them with the papacy of Gregory the Great, there is no historical evidence to support this claim.

However in his homily at his October 1978 Papal Inauguration, Pope John Paul II dismissed that claim and asserted that the papacy had long had no wish to possess any temporal jusdiction outside the Vatican.

Boniface VIII had arranged that this would be done to offset the fact that his predecessor was still alive, which caused him to worry that the legitimacy of his own papacy would be thrown into doubt.

No doubt, those who hoped to reach a solution amenable to the papacy were discouraged by the consistorial address of 22 March in which Pius VI spoke out against measures already passed by the Assembly ; also, the election of the Protestant Jean-Paul Rabaut Saint-Étienne to the presidency of the Assembly brought about " commotions " at Toulouse and Nîmes, suggesting that at least some Catholics would accept nothing less than a return to the ancien régime practice under which only Catholics could hold office.

In 1598 Clement VIII won more credit for the papacy by bringing about a definite treaty of peace between Spain and France in the Peace of Vervins which put an end to their long contest, and he negotiated peace between France and Savoy as well.

* Dispatches of Bernardo Navagero, Venitian ambassador, and others documents about the papacy of Paul IV

He was expected to attend all council meetings, and he performed the negotiations with the papacy about the war in 1337.

Wilfrid appealed to the papacy about his expulsion in 700, and the pope ordered that an English council should be held to decide the issue.

Large food shipments and information about, and contacts with, prisoners of war were to be the first steps for a better understanding of the papacy in Europe.

In an effort to reach a compromise, the pope quashed both nominations on about 30 March 1206 ; Innocent's reason for invalidating de Gray's candidacy was that any election was invalid if an earlier one was still under appeal to the papacy.

In 1556 he wrote his famous Consultatio theologica, in which he advised the king to resist the temporal encroachments of the papacy and, as absolute monarch, to defend his rights by bringing about a radical change in the administration of ecclesiastical revenues, thus making Spain less dependent on Rome.

In 1843 Daniel O ' Connell quoted him as saying about the harsh policy adopted by the government in Dublin: " The undue promulgation of that severe determination to extirpate the Irish and papacy out of the kingdom, your Lordship rightly apprehends to be too unseasonably published " in a such sense that he approved of the policy of extirpation.

Pope John XII was depicted as a coarse, immoral man in the writings which remain about his papacy, whose life was such that the Lateran was spoken of as a brothel, and the moral corruption in Rome became the subject of general disgrace.

The powers that the Gregorian papacy gathered to itself were summed up in a list called Dictatus papae about 1075 or somewhat later.

* Religious tracts, including “ A wonderful prophecy of the papacy about how things will go for it up until the end of the world ” () in collaboration with Andreas Osiander ( 1527 ).

In Northern Italy the ecclesiastical provinces of Milan and Aquileia broke off communion with the papacy ; the former yielding only towards the end of the 6th century, whereas Aquileia protracted its resistance to about 700.

In it he affirms the idea of the supremacy of Italy, brought about by the restoration of the papacy as a moral dominion, founded on religion and public opinion.

It was only through the so-called investitures conflict that the Church was freed from secular domination ; the reforms brought about by the papacy put an end to the bestowal of abbeys upon laymen.

The papacy regained its authority, and started a long struggle with the empire, about both ecclesiastical and secular matter.

Before the start of his brief papacy, John Paul I said that Escrivá's teachings are " radical ; he goes as far as talking about " materializing " -- in a good sense -- the quest for holiness.

This action may have been taken in response to Boniface's complaints about Cuthbert and Æthelbald to the papacy.