The and convention for amino acid configuration refers not to the optical activity of the amino acid itself, but rather to the optical activity of the isomer of glyceraldehyde from which that amino acid can, in theory, be synthesized (- glyceraldehyde is dextrorotary ;-glyceraldehyde is levorotatory ).

Specifically, neocolonialism refers to the theory that former or existing economic relationships, such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the Central American Free Trade Agreement, created by former colonial powers were or are used to maintain control of their former colonies and dependencies after the colonial independence movements of the post – World War II period.

In computational complexity theory, a problem refers to the abstract question to be solved.

The neoclassical synthesis refers to the reconciliation of Keynesian economics with neoclassical economics, stating that Keynesianism is correct in the short run, with the economy following neoclassical theory in the long run.

The concept of self-efficacy, which played an important role in later developments of the theory, refers to the learner's belief in his or her ability to perform the modeled behavior.

In graph theory, the term fullerene refers to any 3-regular, planar graph with all faces of size 5 or 6 ( including the external face ).

One theory is that the term refers to the mixing techniques of DJs who spun this form of music in its pre-house incarnations.

Interference theory refers to the idea that when the learning of something new causes forgetting of older material on the basis of competition between the two.

In film theory, genre ( or ) refers to the method based on similarities in the narrative elements from which films are constructed.

Network information theory refers to these multi-agent communication models.

( However, this refers to the theory ’ s application rather than to its derivation.

The first refers to a theory of regional integration originally proposed by Stanley Hoffman.

In the People's Republic of China ( PRC ) since 1967, the terms Ultra-Left and left communist refers to political theory and practice self-defined as further " left " than that of the central Maoist leaders at the height of the GPCR (" Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution ").

To philosophers it refers to a particular theory of physical probability, one that has more or less been abandoned.

Platonic idealism usually refers to Plato's theory of forms or doctrine of ideas,

According to this theory, the name of Parthenon means the " temple of the virgin goddess " and refers to the cult of Athena Parthenos that was associated with the temple.

In quantum mechanics, it refers to a discrete unit that quantum theory assigns to certain physical quantities, such as the energy of an atom at rest ( see Figure 1 ).

* In test theory, standardization refers to measurements or assessments conducted under exact, specified, and repeatable conditions.

This theory is supported by a reference within the Star Trek: Enterprise episode " United ": Senator Vrax refers to Vulcans as " our distant brothers " during the first part of the episode.

In game theory, a strategy refers to one of the actionable options that a player can choose.

In modern science, the term " theory " refers to scientific theories, a well-confirmed type of explanation of nature, made in a way consistent with scientific method, and fulfilling the criteria required by modern science.

Often the term " political theory " refers to a general view, or specific ethic, political belief or attitude, about politics.

In science, the term " theory " refers to " a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment.

Much of this may be categorized as computational chemistry, although computational chemistry usually refers to the application of theoretical chemistry in an applied setting, usually with some approximation scheme such as certain types of post-Hartree – Fock, density functional theory, semiempirical methods ( such as PM3 ) or force field methods.

Analogously, anyone who argues that Einstein's theory of gravitation is simpler than Newton's, must say rather more to explain how it is that the latter is mastered by student-physicists, while the former can be managed ( with difficulty ) only by accomplished experts.

This can only be for one of two reasons: either the two are quite different and will require totally different theory ( and hence techniques ), or our existing theories are insufficiently general.

A state, the highest form of human organization in fact and theory, could be subjected to Law only by a manifestation of self-will, or consent.

It appeared that the theory could be saved in one way only.

Unless one takes refuge in the theory -- however disguised -- that Negroes are, somehow, different from white people, I do not see how one can escape the conclusion that the Negro's status in this country is not only a cruel injustice but a grave national liability.

The social exchange theory postulates that altruism only exists when benefits outweigh costs.

The exact number and placement of Endosymbiotic theory | endosymbiotic events is currently unknown, so this diagram can be taken only as a general guide It represents the most parsimonious way of explaining the three types of endosymbiotic origins of plastids.

In theory it can occur only in nuclei somewhat heavier than nickel ( element 28 ), where overall binding energy per nucleon is no longer a minimum, and the nuclides are therefore unstable toward spontaneous fission-type processes.

Also, as we now know, bosons also have antiparticles, but since bosons do not obey the Pauli exclusion principle ( only fermions do ), hole theory does not work for them.

In quantum field theory, this process is allowed only as an intermediate quantum state for times short enough that the violation of energy conservation can be accommodated by the uncertainty principle.

But this extremely ingenious theory would at most explain only the mystic word Abracadabra, whose connection with Abrasax is by no means certain.

The Gaussian theory, however, is only true so long as the angles made by all rays with the optical axis ( the symmetrical axis of the system ) are infinitely small, i. e. with infinitesimal objects, images and lenses ; in practice these conditions are not realized, and the images projected by uncorrected systems are, in general, ill defined and often completely blurred, if the aperture or field of view exceeds certain limits.

Consequently the Gaussian theory only supplies a convenient method of approximating to reality ; and no constructor would attempt to realize this unattainable ideal.

Bundle theory, originated by the 18th century Scottish philosopher David Hume, is the ontological theory about objecthood in which an object consists only of a collection ( bundle ) of properties, relations or tropes.

However, the argument concludes that the conceptual challenge of bare particulars leaves a bundle of properties and nothing more as the only possible conception of an object, thus justifying bundle theory.

The choice between the two definitions usually matters only in very formal contexts, like category theory.

Remaining issues, such as the cuspy halo problem and the dwarf galaxy problem of cold dark matter, are not fatal to the dark matter explanation as solutions to such problems exist which involve only further refinements of the theory.

The BCS theory, however, requires only that the potential be attractive, regardless of its origin.

According to this theory, the cycle of philosophical upheavals that in part drove the diversification of Buddhism into its many schools and sects only began once Buddhists began attempting to make explicit the implicit philosophy of the Buddha and the early suttas.

In complexity theory, the satisfiability problem ( SAT ) is a decision problem, whose instance is a Boolean expression written using only AND, OR, NOT, variables, and parentheses.

Paracelsus ( 1493 – 1541 ), for example, rejected the 4-elemental theory, and with only a vague understanding of his chemicals and medicines formed a hybrid of alchemy and science in what was to be called iatrochemistry.

Claude Shannon proved, using information theory considerations, that any theoretically unbreakable cipher must have keys which are at least as long as the plaintext, and used only once: one-time pad.

Charles Darwin proposed the theory of universal common descent through an evolutionary process in On the Origin of Species, twice stating the hypothesis that there was only one progenitor for all life forms and ending with " There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one ".

Chomsky argued that in order to explain language, we needed a theory like generative grammar, which not only attributed internal representations but characterized their underlying order.