By 1650, they were no longer a serious threat to the established order.

By 1650 there were 44, 000 English settlers in the West Indies, as compared to 12, 000 on the Chesapeake and 23, 000 in New England.

By Nell Gwyn ( 1650 – 1687 )

By the early Middle Kingdom ( c. 2055 – 1650 BC ), non-royal Egyptians believed that they, too, could overcome death as Osiris had, by worshipping him and receiving the funerary rites that were partly based on his myth.

By the middle of 1650 Ireton and his commanders faced two problems.

These were the " seven cities of Cibola " sought by early Spanish explorers. By 1650, there were only six Zuni villages.

By the time European settlers arrived around 1600 – 1650, the majority of the Native Americans living in the eastern United States had been decimated by new diseases, introduced to them decades before by explorers and sailors.

By April 1650, Platt and other local landowners succeeded in driving the Diggers from Little Heath.

By 1650, the Palace was the largest complex of secular buildings in England, with over 1, 500 rooms.

By 1650 the town was known for the manufacture of " Blackburn checks ", blue and white in colour, with " Blackburn greys " becoming famous not long afterwards.

By 1650, the three able kings – Nyaungyan, Anaukpetlun and Thalun – had successfully rebuilt a smaller but far more manageable kingdom.

By 1650, the once plentiful Hurons had been wiped out by French missionaries, European diseases, and the Iroquois.

By 1650 the rights attaching to the Lord of the Manor were transferred to the Seare family who also held the manor in neighbouring Hawridge.

By 1650 and several conveyances later the manor was in the hands of John Seare.

By the end of the Spanish Golden Age ( c. 1550 – 1650 ), the quality of academics in Spanish universities declined.

By 1650 it was established that Spitsbergen was an island and not connected to Greenland.

By the autumn of 1650, James Holborne was fighting against Cromwell at the Battle of Dunbar.

By refusing battle, Leslie withstood a siege at Edinburgh and when the English were forced to retreat in August 1650 he pursued them down the east coast, eventually trapping 11, 000 English soldiers south of Dunbar with an army of 14, 000 Scottish.

By 1650, only a few hundred individuals remained.

By 1650, the absolutist order was firmly established and would prevail for another 150 years as the Ancien Régime.

By 1650, the West India Company was firmly in control of both the sugar and slave trades, and had occupied the Caribbean islands of Sint Maarten, Curaçao, Aruba and Bonaire in order to guarantee access to the islands ' salt-pans.

By 1650, few native Americans remained in the area, and European settlers showed little interest in the swamp.

By the time the Luo ethnic groups invaded and migrated through the Bari lands about 1650, the Bari were already sedentary agro pastoralists, living, and trading peacefully with the neighboring ethnic groups.

By 1650 the slave trade was in full force at a number of sites along the coast of West Africa, and over the coming centuries would result in severely reduced growth for the region's population and economy.

By the 1930s, the five-line cinquain verse form became widely known in the poetry of the Scottish poet William Soutar.

By the end of her life Elizabeth was also reputed to speak Welsh, Cornish, Scottish and Irish in addition to English.

By the 21st century, there would be about as many people who were Scotch Canadians and Scottish Americans as the 5 million remaining in Scotland.

By the 18th century, the Kirk of Scotland no longer recognized marriages formed by mutual consent and subsequent sexual intercourse, even though the Scottish civil authorities did.

By the following year Dalglish was a full professional and a regular member of the highly-rated Celtic reserve team that became known as the Quality Street Gang, due to its having a large number of future Scottish internationals, including Danny McGrain, George Connelly, Lou Macari, and David Hay.

By 1997 Scottish and Newcastle claimed that it was the most widely distributed alcoholic product in both pubs and off licences in the country.

By 1058 Malcolm had killed Macbeth in battle and taken the Scottish throne.

By now, much of Scotland was under English occupation, with eight of the Scottish lowland counties being ceded to England by Edward Balliol.

By 2004, ITV was owned by five companies of which two, Carlton and Granada had become major players by owning between the two all the franchises in England, Wales, the Scottish borders and the Isle of Man.

By 1876 Rangers had their first international player, with Moses McNeil representing Scotland in a match against Wales, and by 1877 Rangers had reached a Scottish Cup final.

By the turn of the century Rangers had won two league titles and three Scottish Cups.

By August 1565, less than a month after the marriage, William Cecil heard that Darnley's insolence drove Lennox from the Scottish court.

By the resolution of the Scottish Parliament at Haddington, Mary Stewart was sent to France in August 1548 to be raised with her husband-to-be, the dauphin, son of Henry II of France.

( Although Cruden appears to have made an error in writing this, since his source, Holinshed, does not date Borthwick that early, and Caldwell agrees ) By 1511 Edinburgh was the principal foundry in Scotland, supplanting Stirling Castle, with Scottish and European smiths working under Borthwick, who by 1512 was appointed " master melter of the king's guns ".

By the mid-1920s, he was living in Elsfield and had become president of the Scottish Historical Society and a trustee of the National Library of Scotland, and he also maintained ties with various universities.

By convention, at least two of the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary were Scottish and at least one from Northern Ireland.

By 1700 variations of this type of embroidery had spread to northern Europe where it developed further into Danish and Dutch Hedebo, Scottish Ayrshire work and Ruskin lacework as well as Norwegian Drawn Work, as it was then called.

By the 1340s the English Crown was regularly spending money on them and the new technology began to be installed in English castles by the 1360s and 1370s, and in Scottish castles by the 1380s.

By the time of his death, the Scottish Monarchy was stronger, and the kingdom and royal finances more prosperous than might have seemed possible.

By this act were laid the foundations of the Scottish Episcopal Church.

By 1967, after a series of acquisitions, John Smith's was the largest regional brewer in the country after Scottish & Newcastle, and had a market capitalization of £ 29. 4 million, or £ 415 million in 2010 prices, with family interests still holding around 10 per cent of the company at this time.

By 1892 he was involved in the Scottish Socialist Federation, acting as its secretary from 1895.

By this time, the best lands were already occupied by earlier Scottish, Loyalist and Acadian immigrants.

By about 1890, most commerce in British Honduras was in the hands of a clique of Scottish and German merchants, most of them newcomers.

By 1303, the English again held the upper hand, and Stirling was the last remaining castle in Scottish hands.