By 1997, the refinery reached the same rate of production it was at before the war.

By 1996, the cemetery and marker were in poor condition, but a new granite headstone was erected in 1997.

By the 1920s, the U. S. reached what is still its era of greatest-ever output, producing an average of 800 feature films annually, or 82 % of the global total ( Eyman, 1997 ).

By the end of 1997 the consolidated public sector deficit decreased to 4. 6 % of GDP — with public sector spending falling from 62 % of GDP to below 50 %— the current account deficit was reduced to 2 % of GDP, and government debt was paid down to 94 % of annual export earnings.

By the end of 1997, Hungary had shifted much of its trade to the West.

By 1997, the federal government had already cut tariffs to 22. 5 percent from 57. 5 percent ten years earlier, and by 2000 were planning to reduce this even further down to 15 percent.

By November 1997, rapid currency depreciation had seen public debt reach US $ 60 bn, imposing severe strains on the government's budget.

By 1997, it was apparent that the IA-64 architecture and the compiler were much more difficult to implement than originally thought, and the delivery of Merced began slipping.

By 1997, the phrase had entered the legal lexicon as seen in an opinion by Supreme Court of the United States Justice John Paul Stevens, ' An example of " junk science " that should be excluded under the Daubert standard as too unreliable would be the testimony of a phrenologist who would purport to prove a defendant ’ s future dangerousness based on the contours of the defendant ’ s skull.

By this time the " New " Labour Party was seen as a reformed and fresh alternative under the leadership of Tony Blair, and after eighteen years in office the Conservatives lost the 1997 general election in one of the worst electoral defeats since the Great Reform Act of 1832.

By this time billionaire Sir James Goldsmith had set up his own Referendum Party, siphoning off some Conservative support, and at the 1997 General Election many Conservative candidates were openly expressing reluctance to join.

By the time Labour returned to government in 1997 after 18 years in opposition, Tony Blair ( leader since 1994 ) had abandoned the Labour policy of going back on Tory-led union reforms, as well as ending the commitment of nationalisation of industries and utilities.

By 1997, the Ministry of Information and Telecommunications was created to formulate and implement policies regarding the development of the ICT sector.

By the end of 1997 GemStone III and DragonRealms had become the first and second most played games on AOL.

By the late 1990s MIPS was a powerhouse in the embedded processor field, and in 1997 the 48-millionth MIPS-based CPU shipped, making it the first RISC CPU to outship the famous 68k family.

By late 1997, however, search engine providers realized that information stored in elements, especially the attribute, was often unreliable and misleading, and at worst, used to draw users into spam sites.

By 1997, Miramax shut down the company due to " lack of interest " in the pictures released.

By 1997, software synthesizers were beginning to take hold among electronic musicians.

By December 1997, the IMF had approved a USD $ 21 billion loan, that would be part of a USD $ 58. 4 billion bailout plan.

By 1997, the predominantly Kulyabi-led Tajik government and the UTO successfully negotiated a power-sharing peace accord and implemented it by 2000.

By 1997, 81 % of the developing world's wheat area was planted to semi-dwarf wheats, giving both increased yields and better response to nitrogenous fertilizer.

Bob Marley in France noted as a Rasta. By 1997, there were, according to one estimate, around one million Rastafari faithful worldwide.

By the end of the 1990s, Judd had managed to achieve significant fame and success as a leading actress, after leading roles in several thrillers that performed well at the box office, including Kiss the Girls in 1997 and 1999's Double Jeopardy.

By 1997 it would sell for only $ 500, due to the proliferation of guns in Japan during the 1990s.

By the 1930s, the five-line cinquain verse form became widely known in the poetry of the Scottish poet William Soutar.

By the end of her life Elizabeth was also reputed to speak Welsh, Cornish, Scottish and Irish in addition to English.

By the 21st century, there would be about as many people who were Scotch Canadians and Scottish Americans as the 5 million remaining in Scotland.

By the 18th century, the Kirk of Scotland no longer recognized marriages formed by mutual consent and subsequent sexual intercourse, even though the Scottish civil authorities did.

By the following year Dalglish was a full professional and a regular member of the highly-rated Celtic reserve team that became known as the Quality Street Gang, due to its having a large number of future Scottish internationals, including Danny McGrain, George Connelly, Lou Macari, and David Hay.

By 1058 Malcolm had killed Macbeth in battle and taken the Scottish throne.

By now, much of Scotland was under English occupation, with eight of the Scottish lowland counties being ceded to England by Edward Balliol.

By 2004, ITV was owned by five companies of which two, Carlton and Granada had become major players by owning between the two all the franchises in England, Wales, the Scottish borders and the Isle of Man.

By 1876 Rangers had their first international player, with Moses McNeil representing Scotland in a match against Wales, and by 1877 Rangers had reached a Scottish Cup final.

By the turn of the century Rangers had won two league titles and three Scottish Cups.

By August 1565, less than a month after the marriage, William Cecil heard that Darnley's insolence drove Lennox from the Scottish court.

By the resolution of the Scottish Parliament at Haddington, Mary Stewart was sent to France in August 1548 to be raised with her husband-to-be, the dauphin, son of Henry II of France.

( Although Cruden appears to have made an error in writing this, since his source, Holinshed, does not date Borthwick that early, and Caldwell agrees ) By 1511 Edinburgh was the principal foundry in Scotland, supplanting Stirling Castle, with Scottish and European smiths working under Borthwick, who by 1512 was appointed " master melter of the king's guns ".

By the mid-1920s, he was living in Elsfield and had become president of the Scottish Historical Society and a trustee of the National Library of Scotland, and he also maintained ties with various universities.

By convention, at least two of the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary were Scottish and at least one from Northern Ireland.

By 1700 variations of this type of embroidery had spread to northern Europe where it developed further into Danish and Dutch Hedebo, Scottish Ayrshire work and Ruskin lacework as well as Norwegian Drawn Work, as it was then called.

By the 1340s the English Crown was regularly spending money on them and the new technology began to be installed in English castles by the 1360s and 1370s, and in Scottish castles by the 1380s.

By the time of his death, the Scottish Monarchy was stronger, and the kingdom and royal finances more prosperous than might have seemed possible.

By this act were laid the foundations of the Scottish Episcopal Church.

By 1967, after a series of acquisitions, John Smith's was the largest regional brewer in the country after Scottish & Newcastle, and had a market capitalization of £ 29. 4 million, or £ 415 million in 2010 prices, with family interests still holding around 10 per cent of the company at this time.

By 1892 he was involved in the Scottish Socialist Federation, acting as its secretary from 1895.

By this time, the best lands were already occupied by earlier Scottish, Loyalist and Acadian immigrants.

By about 1890, most commerce in British Honduras was in the hands of a clique of Scottish and German merchants, most of them newcomers.

By 1303, the English again held the upper hand, and Stirling was the last remaining castle in Scottish hands.