By the charter renewal in 1781 it was also the bankers ' bank – keeping enough gold to pay its notes on demand until 26 February 1797 when war had so diminished gold reserves that the government prohibited the Bank from paying out in gold.

By 1797, when the third edition was completed, it had been expanded to 18 volumes addressing a full range of topics, with articles contributed by a range of authorities on their subjects.

By the time the island was surrendered to the British in 1797 the population had increased to 17, 643: 2, 086 whites, 1, 082 free people of colour, 1, 082 Amerindians, and 10, 009 African slaves.

By the Treaty of Campoformio signed on October 17, 1797 part of the Venetian mainland was handed over to Francis II of the Holy Roman Empire and a western part was annexed to the French backed Cisalpine Republic.

By 1797, the Mission San Fernando Rey de España became established nearby and served as a catalyst to change the native population, which inhabited the area around Northridge for centuries.

By this time Omsk had grown to the size of a small city, however, from 1797 to 1804 it did not possess its own uyezd.

" By 1797 under the new owner John Hildebrand, East Berlin had approximately one hundred houses.

By May 1797, an overwhelming majority – both in and outside of Parliament – had formed in support of Pitt's war against France.

By 1797 the aqueduct was open, carrying the canal above the river, and boats were now able to travel the from Preston to Tewitfield.

By an act of the Virginia General Assembly on December 27, 1797, Wheeling was named the county seat of Ohio County.

By the Militia Act 1797, the lieutenants appointed " for the Counties, Stewartries, Cities, and Places " were given powers to raise and command county militia units.

By 1746 John Tyzack was using it for grinding scythes, in 1797 Thomas Biggin was making knives for cutting hay and straw, and it was being used as a sickle mill in 1805.

Though early examples were warehouse conversions, the first purpose-built spinning mill was constructed in 1797, and By 1824 there were 24.

By the time John Adams assumed the presidency in early 1797, the matter was reaching crisis proportions.

By 1797, it was already the administrative center of Perm Governorate.

By 1794 the 33rd was under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel ( promoted to full Colonel in 1797 ) Arthur Wellesley.

By 1797, France had seized 300 American ships and had broken off diplomatic relations with the United States.

By March 1797 the 2726 yard ( 2493 m ) Wasthill tunnel was open and the canal was trading to Hopwood.

By 1797, the Society of United Irishmen had around 100, 000 members.

By 1797 there were at least thirty-four members in the Boston black lodge, a sizable number that was overlooked by mainstream Boston Masons.

By the middle of August 1797, after six weeks of constant easterly winds that kept his ships trapped in their harbour, De Winter decided that an attempt to join the French at Brest as the first stage of an invasion of Ireland was impractical and he abandoned the plan.

By 1797 work had started on building additional dry docks and on deepening the basins, and Bentham realised that the existing drainage system would not cope with the increased demand.

By 1797, had been built from Llanymynech to Garthmyl, stopping short of Newtown.

By 1797, the Grand Junction Canal ( now called the Grand Union Canal ) was being cut.

By then, quartet singing was fading as a commercial phenomenon, and Broadnax retired from touring, though he did continue to record occasionally with the Blind Boys into the 70s and 80s.

By the time his son Abraham was born, Thomas owned two farms, several town lots, livestock, and horses.

By 1889, the U. S. output of steel exceeded that of the UK, and Carnegie owned a large part of it.

By 1860 the largest slaveholder owned only 16 slaves.

By 1789, they owned one-third of the plantation property and one-quarter of the slaves of Saint-Domingue.

By 1900, seventy-nine people owned half of the country's land.

By September, Porsche owned a 35. 14 % plurality stake in Volkswagen AG, effectively giving it control over the company.

By the late 19th century 90 % of all Shetland was owned by just 32 people, and between 1861 and 1881 more than 8, 000 Shetlanders emigrated.

By halftime, New England owned a surprising 14 – 3 lead.

By September 28, 2005, Taito became a subsidiary wholly owned by Square Enix.

By the time he died, he owned over 20, 000 shares of stock and three bottling plants: one in Santa Maria, California ; one in Twin Falls, Idaho ; and one in Bend, Oregon.

By the end of 2012 cargo supply to the International Space Station will be flown by privately owned commercial craft under NASA's Commercial Resupply Services by SpaceX's successfully tested the partially reusable Dragon spacecraft, and Orbital Sciences ' Cygnus spacecraft ( also slated for testing in 2012 ).

By 1920 Maori still owned five million acres by 1920 ; they leased three million acres and used one million acres for themselves.

By comparison, DuMont was hampered by numerous regulatory roadblocks, most notably a ban on acquiring more stations since its minority owner, Paramount Pictures owned two television stations.

By 1933, the City owned 85 % of all town property and 95 % of all ranch and farm land in the Owens Valley, including Manzanar.

By 1812, Clay owned a productive plantation, which he called " Ashland ," and numerous slaves to work the land.

By the time he married Deborah Hitchborn, a member of a long-standing Boston family that owned a small shipping wharf, in 1729, Rivoire had anglicized his name to Paul Revere.

By the late 19th century, the government believed that Native Americans would be better off if each family owned its own land.

By 2004, ITV was owned by five companies of which two, Carlton and Granada had become major players by owning between the two all the franchises in England, Wales, the Scottish borders and the Isle of Man.

By the mid-1970s, the ABC owned AM and FM stations, and the ABC Radio Network were the most successful radio operations in America in terms of audience and profits.

By 1911, 63-67 were owned by the Rector of the nearby St Hilda's Anglican Church.

By 1779, along with his cousin and her husband, Henry owned a plantation known by the name of Leatherwood.

By 1953, Beck had relocated to Florida and owned the Ukelele Bar & Grill in Miami, Florida where he tended bar.

By July 1942, he had " dejudaised " 204 companies, sold 64 land-properties owned by Jewish people, and was in the process of " dejudaising " 493 other businesses.

By the 1936 sessions Victor, now owned by RCA, began to experiment with multiple microphones to achieve more comprehensive reproductions of the orchestra.

By the end of 2009, all of Borders directly owned overseas locations had been sold or closed, leaving only the franchise stores in Dubai, Oman and Malaysia.