By 1860, wheat farms had been established from Encounter Bay in the south to Clare in the north.

By 1860, Cuba was devoted to growing sugar, having to import all other necessary goods.

By the 1860 census on the verge of the Civil War, 91. 7 percent of the black population, or nearly 20, 000 people, were free.

By 1860, England removed the last vestiges of the mercantile era.

By 1860 a dozen steamers were operating in the high water season along the Murray and its tributaries.

By 1860, when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a very prosperous city.

By 1860, 500, 000 slaves had grown to 4 million.

By 1860 the total number of slaves reached almost four million, and the American Civil War, beginning in 1861, led to the end of slavery in the United States.

By 1860, this " new engine " had already established a reputation for juvenile use in vandalism, as well as at least one human death.

By 1860, almost half a million people, roughly 31 % of the total population of Virginia, were enslaved.

By 1860 about half of the children between 5 and 15 were in school ( including Sunday school ).

By 1860 blacks ( nearly all slaves ) comprised 45 percent of the state's 964, 201 people.

By 1860 the population had grown to 380, 000.

By 1860 there was a telegraph station in Carson City, Nevada.

By petition of Rockville's citizens, the Maryland General Assembly incorporated the village on March 10, 1860.

By a treaty concluded in 1860 between the Sardinian king and Napoleon III, the County was again ceded to France as a territorial reward for French assistance in the Second Italian War of Independence against Austria, which saw Lombardy unified with Piedmont-Sardinia.

By 1860, the Southern states were providing two-thirds of the world ’ s supply of cotton, and up to 80 % of the crucial British market.

By 1860 approximately one in three Southerners was a slave.

By 1860, the total County population was 99, 000 and the largest city was Yonkers.

By 1870 the population in the states served by the Oregon Trail and its offshoots increased by about 350, 000 over their 1860 census levels.

By 1860, Denver City, Golden City, and Boulder City were substantial towns serving the mines.

By 1860, as many as 10, 000 prospectors had flocked to the town, then known as Mountain City, and surrounding prospects, but most soon left, many returning back east.

By 1860, he was working for wholesale grocers, for whom he handled freight transfers, especially dealing with railroads and steamboats.

By 1860 the Chinese were the largest immigrant group in California.

The largest species are red alder ( A. rubra ) on the west coast of North America, and black alder ( A. glutinosa ), native to most of Europe and widely introduced elsewhere, both reaching over 30 m. By contrast, the widespread Alnus viridis ( green alder ) is rarely more than a 5 m tall shrub.

By 1938, it was the largest in the world.

By the 1890s, the company was the largest and most profitable industrial enterprise in the world.

By far the largest regional market was the Middle East, to which Brazil sold approximately 50 % of its arms from 1977 through 1988.

By the end of the 16th century, Bethlehem had become one of the largest villages in the District of Jerusalem, and was subdivided into seven quarters.

By 2003, the Booby colonies on Clipperton boasted 25, 000 Brown Boobies and 112, 000 Masked Boobies, making the atoll the world's second-largest Brown Booby colony, and its largest Masked Booby colony.

By the middle of the 19th century it was the largest and most modern glassworks in the world.

By area of extent, it was one of the largest empires ever in history.

By volume and weight, the largest concentrations of crystals in the earth are part of the Earth's solid bedrock.

By 1971, when a bibliography of ab initio calculations was published, the largest molecules included were naphthalene and azulene.

By 1340, Cairo had a population of close to half a million, making it the largest city west of China.

By far the largest of the SSSIs is called Cheddar Complex and covers of the gorge, caves and the surrounding area.

By far the largest airport is Helsinki-Vantaa Airport, and the second largest by passenger volume is Oulu Airport.

By 1898 Georges Méliès was the largest producer of fiction films in France, and from this point onwards his output was almost entirely films featuring trick effects, which were very successful in all markets.

By 1905, Pathé was the largest film company in the world, a position it retained until World War I. Léon Gaumont began film production in 1896, with his production supervised by Alice Guy.

By the mid 19th century, the South, The city of New Orleans in particular, being situated as a key to commerce on the Mississippi River and in the Gulf, had become the largest U. S. city not on the Atlantic seaboard and the fourth largest in the U. S. overall.

By the 1860s, the Russian Empire – continued as the Soviet Union – became the largest contiguous state in the world, and the latter's main successor, Russia, continues to be so to this day.

By the 21st century, the Netherlands had become a modern, dynamic country with a successful, internationally oriented economy ( the 16th largest in the world in 2010 ) and a high standard of living.

By the late 20th century, Hong Kong was the seventh largest port in the world and second only to New York and Rotterdam in terms of container throughput.

By far the largest island is Hawar.

By 1920, Harley-Davidson was the largest motorcycle manufacturer in the world.

By the turn of the 19th century, the company had become the largest of the ‘’ hongs ’’ or foreign trading conglomerates with offices in all the important Chinese cities as well as Yokohama, Japan.