By 1809 part of the Ruhr Valley in Westphalia was called ' Miniature England ' because of its similarities to the industrial areas of England.

By August 1809, diplomatic relations with Britain deteriorated as minister David Erskine was withdrawn and replaced by " hatchet man " Francis James Jackson ; Madison however, resisted calls for war.

By May 1809 Boulton and Watt faced little competition in any gas market due to their success in lobbying Parliament to block the granting of a charter for the National Heat and Light Company, their only real competitor in this field.

By 1809, the state was almost bankrupt and acutely aware that it could not retain its status as a great power if it did not manage to regain some of its former influence in Germany and Italy.

By March 1809, war between Austria and France was imminent and the Habsburg army, 200, 000 men strong, massed in the northwestern province of Bohemia, near the frontier with the Confederation of the Rhine, the French-dominated confederacy of German states.

By the Treaty of Fredrikshamn in 1809 Finland was ceded from Sweden and became an autonomous grand duchy within the Russian Empire.

By then, however, tensions had also begun to escalate again between Britain and America, and in 1809 the American Government passed the Non-Intercourse Act, which effectively brought about an almost complete cessation of trade between the two countries.

By 1809, the trail was fully navigable by wagon.

By 1809, it had become The Jews ’ Chapel, for promoting Christianity to the expanding Jewish population, and became a Methodist Chapel in 1819 ( John Wesley having preached his first covenant sermon at the nearby Black Eagle Street Chapel ).

By early 1809 Sharpe is in Spain with the 95th Rifles, undertaking the terrible hardships of the rearguard of the retreat to Corunna.

By the early 18th Century it had become established as a garden vegetable, but its height of popularity was the early 19th Century when sea kale appeared in Thomas Jefferson's Garden Book of 1809, and it was served at the Prince Regent's Royal Pavilion in Brighton.

By 1809 Ranjit Singh was completing his third expedition and was again on the west bank of the Sutlej ready to attack Ludhiana.

By the end of 1809, The Treaty with the Rajah of Lahore was signed in which the Rajah agreed to remain north and west of the Sutlej.

By October 1809, some 1, 700 of more than 2, 000 casualties had succumbed to disease.

By March 1809, Jennings came to believe that his future in the Harrison dominated western part of the territory was bleak, so he left Vincennes and moved to Charlestown.

By the Finnish War he wrested the Grand Duchy of Finland from Sweden in 1809, and acquired Bessarabia from Turkey as a result of the Russo-Turkish War, 1806-1812.

By 1809 it was mostly enclosed.

By 1809 this had risen to 15 presses ( probably iron stanhope ) and 36, 000 kg of type.

By the time of his death in 1809 Rama I had created a Siamese overlordship dominating an area considerably larger than modern Thailand.

By the law of 1809 octroi duties were allowed on beverages and liquids, eatables, fuel, forage and building materials.

By June 1809, three of the locks had been completed, and although completion of the flight was expected in 1810, there was a shortage of labour, and only three more were finished.

By the end of 1809, Hoste and his crew had captured or sunk over 200 enemy ships.

By 1809 he was made a superintendent proper.

By 1809 the Monmouthshire Canal was threatening litigation about the uncompleted connection from Gilwern.

By the end of 1800, peace with France had been declared, and in 1801, to prevent a second disarmament of the Navy, the outgoing Federalist administration rushed through Congress an act authorizing a peacetime navy for the first time, which limited the navy to six active frigates and seven in ordinary, as well as 45 officers and 150 midshipmen.

By this time Bassett was formally a member of the Federalist Party, and as such was elected Governor of Delaware in 1799.

By this time, detestation of Thomas Jefferson, his one-time decentralist ally, led Martin to embrace the Federalist Party, in apparent repudiation of everything he had argued for so strenuously.

By his own admission, it mattered little who represented Delaware, if they were a Federalist, because the party was in such a minority.

By the end of Monroe's first term the Federalist Party had essentially disbanded and Monroe was re-elected in 1820 without any real opposition, receiving every electoral vote except one, which went for Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, son of John Adams.

By 1835, Pennsylvania Avenue was largely lined by two-to four-story Federalist row houses.

By 1823, the year that marked the end of the consensus-driven Era of Good Feelings, the national wing of the Federalist Party had disbanded and the Democratic-Republican Party, which was left as the only major political party, was being destroyed by internal divisions.

By the time we arrived, the party was already going strong.

By 1975, after a failed uprising by the Muslim Youth, President Daoud Khan started to dissociate himself from the Soviet Union and the communist party of Afghanistan.

By the late 19th century, the traditional business supporters of the UK Liberal Party had joined the Conservatives, making them the party of business and commerce.

By 1933, the party had approximately 3. 5 million members but as a result of the Great Purge party membership was cut down to 1. 9 million by 1939.

By the time of the 28th Congress of the CPSU in July 1990, the party was largely regarded as being unable to lead the country and had, in fifteen republics, split into opposing factions favouring either independent republics or the continuation of the Soviet Union.

By 27 June, the royal party had overtly given in, although the military began to arrive in large numbers around Paris and Versailles.

By the end of the 1930s, the PNH was the only organized functioning political party in the nation.

By 1944 the UAP had effectively disintegrated and in 1945 Menzies formally established a new political party, the Liberal Party of Australia, and forged an enduring coalition with the Country Party.

By extending the 16 / 24-bit IBM PC / AT standard into a natively 32-bit computing environment, Compaq became the first third party to implement a major technical hardware advance on the PC platform.

By the time of the introduction of the secret ballot in 1891, party politics had waned.

By 1928, he had risen in the party ranks to become one of its most prominent members.

By contrast, litigation is explicitly adversarial in that each party attempts to subject the other to its views.

By allowing possession and retail sales of cannabis, but not cultivation or wholesale, the government creates numerous problems of crime and public safety, he alleges, and therefore he would like to switch to either legalising and regulating production, or to the full repression that his party ( CDA ) officially advocates.

By 1986, the party's position appeared to strengthen further with excellent local election results and a thorough rebranding of the party under the direction of Kinnock's director of communications Peter Mandelson.

By age twenty, he was a member of the Moscow Committee of the party.

By 1406, most French forces had withdrawn after politics shifted in Paris toward the peace party.

By early 1990, the PDS was no longer a Marxist-Leninist party, though neo-marxist and communist minority factions continue to exist.

By the end of the rebellion in August, a single party, which had been out of power since 1904, had almost total control in Paraguay.

By convention, the party or political grouping which has majority support in the House of Assembly will nominate its leader to be Premier.

By convention the Premier is the leader of the party with a majority in the unicameral Legislative Assembly of Queensland.

By 1904, the party system was entrenched in Western Australian politics.

By this time however, the influence of Slobodan Milošević was confined to Serbia only as Montenegro had experienced internal regime change in 1996 when former Milošević ally Milo Đukanović reversed his policies, showed resilience by becoming leader of his party and subsequently dismissing former Montenegrin leader Momir Bulatović, a man who remained loyal to Milošević.