By spring 1941, following Himmler's orders, ten concentration camps had been constructed in which inmates were subjected to forced labour.

By the end of 1941, the Soviet military had suffered 4. 3 million casualties and German forces had advanced 1, 050 miles ( 1, 690 kilometers ).

By December 1941, Hitler's troops had advanced to within 20 miles of the Kremlin in Moscow.

By the end of 1943, the Soviets occupied half of the territory taken by the Germans from 1941 – 1942.

By 1941, Germany had given up hope of evicting the Allies from the island and the constant air raids stopped.

By 1857 he had accumulated over 800 pages of notes and short essays on capital, landed property, wage labour, the state, and foreign trade and the world market ; this work did not appear in print until 1941, under the title Grundrisse.

By September 1941, Philby was working for Section V of MI6, responsible for offensive counter-intelligence.

By early 1941, Fuchs had returned temporarily to Edinburgh.

By the winter of 1941 – 1942 just 39 percent of the fighter force was operational and possessed just 60 more combat aircraft than it did in June 1941 despite its increased commitments.

By early 1941, portable centimetric airborne radars were being tested in American and British aircraft.

By the third week in February 1941, 680, 000 German troops were stationed on the Romanian-Soviet border.

By 1941, the official newspaper, El País, had adopted an overtly pro-German stance.

By 22 June 1941 there were only 1, 475 T-34s and KV series tanks available to the Red Army, and these were too dispersed along the front to provide enough mass for even local success.

By 1941, President Roosevelt and Prime Minister King made an executive agreement to build the joint hydro and navigation works, but this too failed to receive the assent of Congress.

By 1918 it became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, and remained so until 1941, apart from a brief period of six months in 1920 when Skopje was controlled by the Yugoslav Communist Party.

By the end of 1941, Roosevelt had appointed seven justices and elevated Harlan Fiske Stone to Chief Justice.

By late 1941, the Army Research Center at Peenemünde possessed the technologies essential to the success of the A-4.

By November 1941, it was becoming known in the upper reaches of the Nazi leadership and government offices that Hitler intended all the Jews of Europe to be deported to the eastern territories and executed by whatever means.

* Robert A. Heinlein's By His Bootstraps ( 1941 ) features a plot in which a man interacts with different older versions of himself that travel by way of a " Time Gate ", with all the interactions revisited later in the story from the perspective of the now-older man, everything being tied together in a completely self-consistent way.

By the end of 1941, Germany occupied a large part of Europe and its military forces were fighting the Soviet Union, nearly capturing Moscow.

By 1941 the Italians had suffered defeats in Greece and against the British in Egypt.

By 1941 he was earning a good wage, enough to pay for music lessons with Alberto Ginastera, an eminent Argentine composer of classical music.

By 1941, the SD had been organized into the following sections:

By 1941, a rail tunnel was constructed as well.

By 1889, the U. S. output of steel exceeded that of the UK, and Carnegie owned a large part of it.

" By then, the U. S. and U. K. had transparently destroyed all their bioweapons stockpiles.

By that time, the majority of black people were U. S .- born, so use of the term " African " became problematic.

By virtue of its extensive biotechnology sector, its numerous major universities, and relatively few internal barriers, the U. S. has progressed a great deal in its development of BME education and training opportunities.

By December 1981, however, the U. S. had already begun to support armed opponents of the Sandinista regime.

By 1982 the stagnation of the Soviet economy was obvious, as evidenced by the fact that the Soviet Union had been importing grain from the U. S. throughout the 1970s, but the system was so firmly entrenched that any real change seemed impossible.

By 1959, the company had dealers across the U. S. and began selling the 310 ( known as Bluebird domestically ).

By the time DDT was introduced in the U. S., the disease had already been brought under control by a variety of other means.

By the time mass applications for wireless Internet had emerged, and the U. S. had opened up to DECT, well into the new century, the industry had moved far ahead in terms of performance and DECT's time as a wireless data transport had passed.

By studying the spectral properties of the linear operator U it becomes possible to classify the ergodic properties of Φ < sup > t </ sup >.

By the time it closed in 1954, twelve million immigrants had been processed by the U. S. Bureau of Immigration.

By the 1920s, the U. S. reached what is still its era of greatest-ever output, producing an average of 800 feature films annually, or 82 % of the global total ( Eyman, 1997 ).

* 1819 – By the Adams-Onís Treaty, Spain sells Florida to the United States for five million U. S. dollars.

By 1794, after Washington ordered the protesters to appear in U. S. district court, the protests turned into full-scale defiance of federal authority known as the Whiskey Rebellion.

By the mid 19th century, the South, The city of New Orleans in particular, being situated as a key to commerce on the Mississippi River and in the Gulf, had become the largest U. S. city not on the Atlantic seaboard and the fourth largest in the U. S. overall.

By the war's end, the U. S. government had obtained control of all of Cuba from Spain.

By this time, the U. S. Marines had been issued the modern tripod-mounted M1895 Colt-Browning machine gun in 6mm Lee Navy, which they employed to defeat Spanish infantry at the battle of Cuzco Wells.

By 1969, there were dozens of homophile organizations and publications in the U. S, and a national organization had been formed, but they were largely ignored by the media.

By May 1946 the removal of machinery had ended, thanks to lobbying by the U. S. Army.

By contrast, the U. S. admitted more than 100, 000 Vietnamese refugees for resettlement during the Vietnam War.

By 1914, the problem had grown to the point where an estimated one U. S. citizen in 400 ( 0. 25 %) was addicted to some form of opium.

By replacing the M1114, M1116, and earlier armored HMMWV types with a single model, the U. S. Army hopes to lower maintenance costs.

By contrast, a number of Irish people abroad converted to Asian religions and played significant roles in anti-colonial revival movements, such as the Irish Buddhist monk U Dhammaloka (? Laurence Carroll?