By spring 1941, following Himmler's orders, ten concentration camps had been constructed in which inmates were subjected to forced labour.

By the end of 1941, the Soviet military had suffered 4. 3 million casualties and German forces had advanced 1, 050 miles ( 1, 690 kilometers ).

By December 1941, Hitler's troops had advanced to within 20 miles of the Kremlin in Moscow.

By the end of 1943, the Soviets occupied half of the territory taken by the Germans from 1941 – 1942.

By 1941, Germany had given up hope of evicting the Allies from the island and the constant air raids stopped.

By 1857 he had accumulated over 800 pages of notes and short essays on capital, landed property, wage labour, the state, and foreign trade and the world market ; this work did not appear in print until 1941, under the title Grundrisse.

By September 1941, Philby was working for Section V of MI6, responsible for offensive counter-intelligence.

By early 1941, Fuchs had returned temporarily to Edinburgh.

By the winter of 1941 – 1942 just 39 percent of the fighter force was operational and possessed just 60 more combat aircraft than it did in June 1941 despite its increased commitments.

By early 1941, portable centimetric airborne radars were being tested in American and British aircraft.

By the third week in February 1941, 680, 000 German troops were stationed on the Romanian-Soviet border.

By 1941, the official newspaper, El País, had adopted an overtly pro-German stance.

By 22 June 1941 there were only 1, 475 T-34s and KV series tanks available to the Red Army, and these were too dispersed along the front to provide enough mass for even local success.

By 1941, President Roosevelt and Prime Minister King made an executive agreement to build the joint hydro and navigation works, but this too failed to receive the assent of Congress.

By 1918 it became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, and remained so until 1941, apart from a brief period of six months in 1920 when Skopje was controlled by the Yugoslav Communist Party.

By the end of 1941, Roosevelt had appointed seven justices and elevated Harlan Fiske Stone to Chief Justice.

By late 1941, the Army Research Center at Peenemünde possessed the technologies essential to the success of the A-4.

By November 1941, it was becoming known in the upper reaches of the Nazi leadership and government offices that Hitler intended all the Jews of Europe to be deported to the eastern territories and executed by whatever means.

* Robert A. Heinlein's By His Bootstraps ( 1941 ) features a plot in which a man interacts with different older versions of himself that travel by way of a " Time Gate ", with all the interactions revisited later in the story from the perspective of the now-older man, everything being tied together in a completely self-consistent way.

By the end of 1941, Germany occupied a large part of Europe and its military forces were fighting the Soviet Union, nearly capturing Moscow.

By 1941 the Italians had suffered defeats in Greece and against the British in Egypt.

By 1941 he was earning a good wage, enough to pay for music lessons with Alberto Ginastera, an eminent Argentine composer of classical music.

By 1941, the SD had been organized into the following sections:

By 1941, a rail tunnel was constructed as well.

By 2008, most North American minivans had adopted the size and configuration of the long-wheelbase Chrysler vans, with Chrysler dropping their shorter models as well.

By 1929, when Chrysler expanded with a new plant there, Oakland had become known as the " Detroit of the West.

By 1936, Chrysler had handed off the running of his corporation to others, and saw himself more as a semi-retired patriarch.

By the early 1950s, the independent American manufacturers were left moribund as the " Big Three " – General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler – battled intensely for sales in the economy, medium-price, and luxury market.

By 1979, Vauxhall had increased its market share substantially ; it was still some way behind Ford and British Leyland, but had overtaken Talbot ( the successor organisation to Rootes and Chrysler UK ).

By the end of the decade, the market had massively expanded with the introduction of the Ford Fiesta, Opel Kadett ( sold as the Vauxhall Astra in Great Britain ), Chrysler Sunbeam and Citroën Visa.

By 1968 UK motor vehicle production was dominated by four companies: BLMC, Chrysler ( UK ), Ford, and Vauxhall ( GM ).

By the late 1990s, only four vehicles were sold under the Plymouth name: the Voyager / Grand Voyager minivans, the Breeze mid-size sedan, the Neon compact car, and the Prowler sports car, which was to be the last model unique to Plymouth, though the Chrysler PT Cruiser was conceived as a concept unique to Plymouth before production commenced as a Chrysler model.

* In 2004, Chrysler held a Stand By Your Van Contest, where contestants had to place one hand on the new van.

By virtue of his two Classic victories, Risen Star won the second $ 1, 000, 000 Chrysler Triple Crown Bonus that was awarded to the three year-old with the best finishes in the three races.

By 1982, Chrysler was importing 110, 000 Mitsubishis annually.

By the mid-1960s, Rootes was progressively taken over by the Chrysler Corporation of the United States, following huge losses amid the commercial failure of the troubled Imp.

By this time, however, Chrysler UK dealers had been selling the French-built Chrysler Alpine for more than two years: more than ten years after the launch of the original Hillman Hunter, the Chrysler Hunter was self-evidently a run-out model, and relatively few were produced.

By 1967 the company had been acquired by Chrysler, to become part of Chrysler Europe, long after, to be overshadowed by the French Simca.

By the late 1950s, Cadillac and Chrysler had escalated the size of fins till some thought they were stylistically questionable and they became a symbol of American excess in the early ' 60s.

By the latter half of the 1978 season, Petty and Neil Bonnett ( the two top Mopar teams ) gave up on the cars inconsistent performance and switched to Chevrolets, leaving independent drivers Buddy Arrington ( who bought a few of Petty's Magnums, along with some parts ) and Frank Warren, and C & W singer Marty Robbins to soldier on without any substantial ( Chrysler did provide sheet metal and some engine parts to teams driving Magnums ) factory support.

By early November 2008, 400 of the hybrid SUVs, including Chrysler Aspen, had already been built.

By 1981 Chrysler was switching to smaller front-wheel drive designs.

By the end of 1994, BlackGirl toured the United States with R. Kelly for a six-week tour, appeared on Soul Train, and in a Chrysler commercial, and released the holiday single " Give Love On Christmas Day "/" Christmas Time ".