Rabbi Milton Steinberg wrote that " By its nature Judaism is averse to formal creeds which of necessity limit and restrain thought " and asserted in his book Basic Judaism ( 1947 ) that " Judaism has never arrived at a creed.

" By June 1947, the Central Committee of Yugoslavia began publicly condemning Hoxha, accusing him of talking an individualistic and anti-Marxist line.

By 1947, Hayek was an organizer of the Mont Pelerin Society, a group of classical liberals who sought to oppose what they saw as socialism in various areas.

By 1947 the Labour Government was ready to refer the Palestine problem to the United Nations.

By the end of 1946, the Communist Democratic Army of Greece had been formed, pitted against the governmental National Army, which was backed first by Britain and after 1947 by the United States.

By then Israel had retained its independence and increased its land area by almost 50 % compared to the 1947 UN Partition Plan.

By the time of independence of Pakistan in 1947, Karachi had become a bustling metropolis with beautiful classical and colonial European styled buildings, lining the city ’ s thoroughfares.

By the summer of 1947, however, the KSČ's popularity had significantly dwindled, and most observers believed Gottwald would be turned out of office at the elections due for May 1948.

By July 1947 Washington realized that economic recovery in Europe could not go forward without the reconstruction of the German industrial base, deciding that an " orderly, prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany.

By the time of Vere Gordon Childe's work, The Dawn of Europe ( 1947 ), which affirms the Mesolithic, sufficient data had been collected to determine that the Mesolithic was in fact necessary and was indeed a transition and intermediary between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic.

By 1947, there would be approximately 22, 000 motor courts in operation in the US alone ; a typical 50-room motel in that era cost $ 3000 per room in initial construction costs, compared to $ 12, 000 per room for metropolitan city hotel construction.

By March 1947, the NCS had 112 members, including Bud Fisher ( Mutt and Jeff ), Don Flowers ( Glamor Girls ), Bob Kane ( Batman ), Fred Lasswell ( Barney Google and Snuffy Smith ), George Lichty ( Grin and Bear It ), Zack Mosley ( The Adventures of Smilin ' Jack ), Alex Raymond ( Rip Kirby ), Cliff Sterrett ( Polly and Her Pals ) and Chic Young ( Blondie ), plus editorial cartoonists Reg Manning and Fred O. Seibel and sports cartoonist Willard Mullin.

By witnessing currents flowing through point-contacts, similar to what Bardeen and Brattain had accomplished earlier in December 1947, Mataré by June 1948, was able to produce consistent results by using samples of germanium produced by Welker.

By the end of 1947, the studio reached a record net profit of $ 22 million.

By 1947, he had appeared in over 50 films and had played Indians, Mafia dons, Hawaiian chiefs, Filipino freedom-fighters, Chinese guerrillas, and Arab sheiks, but was still not a major star.

By reference to " resolutions of Arab Summits " and " UN resolutions since 1947 " ( like SC 242 ) it implicitly and perhaps ambiguously restricted its immediate claims to the Palestinian territories and Jerusalem.

By early 1947, the Allies held 90, 000 Nazis in detention ; another 1, 900, 000 were forbidden to work as anything but manual labourers.

By the time of Partition in 1947 Sindh had had a Muslim majority for centuries but there were significant minorities of Hindus throughout the province.

By the end of the 1946 – 1947 school year, 954 men were enrolled at the Tallahassee Branch.

By 1947, Forrester and collaborator Robert Everett completed the design of a high-speed stored-program computer for this task.

By 1947, Route 3 had been designated along the entire alignment of current Route 120.

By 1947, the installation was declared to be excess, the first step toward demilitarization.

By April 1947, the North Carolina General Assembly granted Jamestown incorporation.

* John Mitchel First Felon for Ireland, Edited By Brian O ' Higgins, Brian O ' Higgins 1947.

By mid-1947, as East-West tensions over economic recovery in Germany and the Greek Civil War escalated, Eisenhower gave up his hopes for cooperation with the Soviets and agreed with a containment policy to stop Soviet expansion.

By late 1944, the United States, Canada, France, and Great Britain were closing in on Germany in the West, while the Soviets were closing from the East.

By the end of 1943, the Soviets occupied half of the territory taken by the Germans from 1941 – 1942.

By the beginning of 1945, with the Soviets on the Oder and the Western Allies preparing to cross the Rhine, Goebbels could no longer disguise the fact that defeat was inevitable.

By early November, the German forces controlled 90 percent of the city and had cornered the Soviets into two narrow pockets, but they were unable to eliminate the last pockets of Soviet resistance in time.

By the late autumn of 1944, Soviet forces had ushered in a second phase of Soviet rule on the heels of the German troops withdrawing from Estonia, and followed it up by a new wave of arrests and executions of people considered disloyal to the Soviets.

By the end of 1943, the Soviets had gained the upper hand and the Germans were retreating.

By forcing the people of Afghanistan to flee their homes, the Soviets hoped to deprive the guerillas of resources and safe havens.

By the end of 25 April there was no prospect that the German defence of the city could do anything but delay the capture of the city by the Soviets, as the decisive stages of the battle had already been fought and lost outside the city.

By the end of that same day, 30 April, or during 1 May the Soviets had captured the Reichstag, which was of huge symbolic importance to the Soviets, and one of the last German strong-points defending the area around the Reich Chancellery and the Führerbunker.

By the time new regime had developed into a single-party system, the Supreme Soviet ( successor to the Congress of Soviets ) had been relegated to the role of a rubber-stamp parliament, meeting just once a year to ratify decisions already made at higher levels, in most cases without even a single dissenting vote.

By spring 1943, the Soviets had also received reports of the new Panther tank, although the Panther was not seen in combat until July 1943, during the battle of Kursk.

By 1946, SIS knew nothing about the federal grand jury impaneled in Manhattan to probe the espionage and disloyalty charges stemming from Elizabeth Bentley's defection and other defectors from Soviet intelligence, so no one in the US Government was aware that evidence against the Soviets was suddenly developing on two adjacent tracks.

By 1945, the Soviets had penetrated Arlington Hall with the placement of Bill Weisband who worked there for several years.

By the end of summer 1919 the Soviets managed to take over most of Ukraine, driving the Ukrainian Directorate from Kiev.

By the time of the Soviet counter-offensive in mid 1920 the situation had been reversed: the Soviets numbered about 790, 000 – at least 50, 000 more than the Poles ; Tukhachevsky estimated that he had 160, 000 " combat ready " soldiers ; Piłsudski estimated his enemy's forces at 200, 000 – 220, 000.

By November 1961, the Soviets had launched Yuri Gagarin and Gherman Titov into orbit during the Vostok 1 and Vostok 2 manned orbital flights.

By 1939, the Soviets found that the BT tank's convertible drive was an unnecessary complication which occupied valuable space in the tank, and the feature was dropped in the T-34.

By one assessment, the Soviets had allowed ordinary military communications to flow through the cables to project the illusion that the Soviets had no aggressive intent against West Berlin.

By the time, Soviets have managed to completely plunder the aforementioned airplane factory, so that nothing but buildings remained.

By pretending a limited independence from the Soviets and Communist Party leaders, Groza allowed the Communist Party to develop a more substantial backing and, through his repression of both the media and political organizations, limited any form of opposition or dissent within the state.

By the late 1920s, when Land of the Soviets was written, the Soviet Union's first leader, Vladimir Lenin, had died and been replaced in this role by the former revolutionary, Joseph Stalin.