By 1986, the contras were besieged by charges of corruption, human-rights abuses and military ineptitude.

By the time Gorbachev ushered in the process that would lead to the dismantling of the Soviet administrative command economy through his programs of glasnost ( political openness ), uskoreniye ( speed-up of economic development ) and perestroika ( political and economic restructuring ) announced in 1986, the Soviet economy suffered from both hidden inflation and pervasive supply shortages aggravated by an increasingly open black market that undermined the official economy.

By the mid-1980s, her record sales were still relatively strong, with " Save the Last Dance for Me ", " Downtown ", " Tennessee Homesick Blues " ( all 1984 ); " Real Love " ( another duet with Kenny Rogers ), " Don't Call It Love " ( both 1985 ); and " Think About Love " ( 1986 ) all reaching the country-singles Top 10.

* Government By Emergency, 1986 ( revised in 1992 ) ISBN 0-930462-05-X

By 1986, a market study concluded that mothers with young children rarely purchased Jello.

By 1986, Moi had concentrated all the power-and most of its attendant economic benefits-into the hands of his Kalenjin tribe and of a handful of allies from minority groups.

By early 1986, the band was defunct and Hay was working on his first solo album, Looking for Jack, which would feature participation from Alsop and Wackerman.

By 1986 the system was complete to the point of being able to run on its own on the DEC VAX.

By the end of 1986, hard-currency debt had reached more than USD 1 billion.

By 1986, the party's position appeared to strengthen further with excellent local election results and a thorough rebranding of the party under the direction of Kinnock's director of communications Peter Mandelson.

By 1986, for the first time since World War II, women students outnumbered men.

By 1986 China had nearly 3 million telephone exchange lines, including 34, 000 long-distance exchange lines with direct, automatic service to 24 cities.

By late 1986 fiber optic communications technology was being employed to relieve the strain on existing telephone circuits.

By the end of the 2005 season, Clemens had won seven Cy Young Awards ( he won the AL award in 1986,,,,, and, and the National League award in ), an MVP and two pitching triple crowns.

By 1980, Berlusconi had established a relationship with the actress Veronica Lario ( born Miriam Bartolini ), with whom he subsequently had three children: Barbara ( b. 1984 ), Eleonora ( b. 1986 ) and Luigi ( b. 1988 ).

" By 1986, however, the number of live births had declined to 806, 041.

By late 1986, the Mikhail Gorbachev era was stressing anew the importance of individual rights in relation to the state and criticizing those who violated procedural law in implementing Soviet justice.

By 1986, although still very much a minority sport, commercial snowboards started appearing in leading French ski resorts.

By 1986 only 2, 157 remained in custody and only 39 were still being held in 1989 when they were released under the Esquipulas II agreement.

By 1986, outside organizations had begun asking for X. X10R2 was released in January 1986, then X10R3 in February 1986.

In Down By Law ( 1986 ) ( which in Italy had its title spelled " Daunbailò ", in Italian phonetics ) he played Bob, the innocent abroad, convicted for manslaughter, whose irrepressible good humour and optimism help him escape and find love ( also starring Braschi as his beloved.

By 1986 their releases began to establish the hip hop album as a fixture of the mainstream.

By 1985, the USFL had ceased football operations and he devoted all his time to arena football, and on April 27, 1986, his concept was realized when finally staged the test game.

) By its greater corporeal presence and its greater extraneousness, the affixed paper or cloth serves for a seeming moment to push everything else into a more vivid idea of depth than the simulated printing or simulated textures had ever done.

By the time Felix turned up it was early afternoon, which, one would think, would be late enough so that by then, except for small children and a few hardy souls who had not yet sobered up, it could have been expected that people would no longer be having any sort of active interest in the previous night's noisemakers and paper hats.

By the next morning, she had turned the paper over.

By 1900, most of the industrializing nations were on some form of gold standard, with paper notes and silver coins constituting the circulating medium.

By at least 549 AD paper kites were being flown, as it was recorded in that year a paper kite was used as a message for a rescue mission.

By the 8th century first Iranians and then Arabs had imported the craft of papermaking from China, with a paper mill already at work in Baghdad in 794.

By the early 20th century Rock-paper-scissors had spread beyond Asia, especially through increased Japanese contact with the west. Its English-language name is therefore taken from a translation of the names of the three Japanese hand-gestures for rock, paper and scissors: elsewhere in Asia the open-palm gesture represents " cloth " rather than " paper ".

By 1858, thermo-dynamics, as a functional term, was used in William Thomson's paper An Account of Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat.

By the time of his death in 1911, the World was a widely respected publication, and would remain a leading progressive paper until its demise in 1931.

* By this year, paper currency in China is worth only 0. 025 % to 0. 014 % its original value in the 14th century ; this and counterfeiting of copper coin currency will lead to a dramatic shift to using silver as the common medium of exchange in China.

By the ninth century printing on paper had taken off, and the first extant complete printed book containing its date is the Diamond Sutra ( British Library ) of 868.

By at least 549 AD paper kites were being flown, as it was recorded in that year a paper kite was used as a message for a rescue mission.

By not fully punching out the hole, the printing on the paper remained intact and legible.

By the age of 16 he had mastered a dozen languages and had read a paper before the Grenoble Academy concerning the Coptic language.

By 1972 the optimism of the sixties had worn off and the tone of the paper became more concerned with struggle than fun.

By 1980, the paper had become more anti-technological and anti-civilisation, something for which it was well known throughout the ' 80's.

By the 1940s, writing preferences had shifted towards stiffer nibs that could withstand the greater pressure required for writing through copy paper to create duplicate documents.

By the war ’ s end, there were numerous competitors like George Munro and Robert DeWitt crowding the field, distinguishing their product only by title and the color choice of the paper wrappers.

By the turn of the century, new high-speed printing techniques combined with the cheaper pulp paper allowed him to drop the price from twenty five cents to ten cents, and the magazine really took off.

By 1842 the local paper was reporting that the ' formerly flourishing village ', which used to stable 2, 000 horses, was suffering a ' general depreciation of property '.

By the end of the 18th century it was recorded that there were several mills for the production of paper and parchment, leather, snuff, log-wood and seed oil.

By fixing forever on paper what had previously been subject to almost infinite variation, they fixed as the authoritative version an account told by one narrator at a given moment.