By 1986, the contras were besieged by charges of corruption, human-rights abuses and military ineptitude.

By the time Gorbachev ushered in the process that would lead to the dismantling of the Soviet administrative command economy through his programs of glasnost ( political openness ), uskoreniye ( speed-up of economic development ) and perestroika ( political and economic restructuring ) announced in 1986, the Soviet economy suffered from both hidden inflation and pervasive supply shortages aggravated by an increasingly open black market that undermined the official economy.

By the mid-1980s, her record sales were still relatively strong, with " Save the Last Dance for Me ", " Downtown ", " Tennessee Homesick Blues " ( all 1984 ); " Real Love " ( another duet with Kenny Rogers ), " Don't Call It Love " ( both 1985 ); and " Think About Love " ( 1986 ) all reaching the country-singles Top 10.

* Government By Emergency, 1986 ( revised in 1992 ) ISBN 0-930462-05-X

By 1986, a market study concluded that mothers with young children rarely purchased Jello.

By 1986, Moi had concentrated all the power-and most of its attendant economic benefits-into the hands of his Kalenjin tribe and of a handful of allies from minority groups.

By early 1986, the band was defunct and Hay was working on his first solo album, Looking for Jack, which would feature participation from Alsop and Wackerman.

By 1986 the system was complete to the point of being able to run on its own on the DEC VAX.

By the end of 1986, hard-currency debt had reached more than USD 1 billion.

By 1986, for the first time since World War II, women students outnumbered men.

By 1986 China had nearly 3 million telephone exchange lines, including 34, 000 long-distance exchange lines with direct, automatic service to 24 cities.

By late 1986 fiber optic communications technology was being employed to relieve the strain on existing telephone circuits.

By the end of the 2005 season, Clemens had won seven Cy Young Awards ( he won the AL award in 1986,,,,, and, and the National League award in ), an MVP and two pitching triple crowns.

By 1980, Berlusconi had established a relationship with the actress Veronica Lario ( born Miriam Bartolini ), with whom he subsequently had three children: Barbara ( b. 1984 ), Eleonora ( b. 1986 ) and Luigi ( b. 1988 ).

" By 1986, however, the number of live births had declined to 806, 041.

By late 1986, the Mikhail Gorbachev era was stressing anew the importance of individual rights in relation to the state and criticizing those who violated procedural law in implementing Soviet justice.

By 1986, although still very much a minority sport, commercial snowboards started appearing in leading French ski resorts.

By 1986 only 2, 157 remained in custody and only 39 were still being held in 1989 when they were released under the Esquipulas II agreement.

By 1986, outside organizations had begun asking for X. X10R2 was released in January 1986, then X10R3 in February 1986.

In Down By Law ( 1986 ) ( which in Italy had its title spelled " Daunbailò ", in Italian phonetics ) he played Bob, the innocent abroad, convicted for manslaughter, whose irrepressible good humour and optimism help him escape and find love ( also starring Braschi as his beloved.

By 1986 their releases began to establish the hip hop album as a fixture of the mainstream.

By 1985, the USFL had ceased football operations and he devoted all his time to arena football, and on April 27, 1986, his concept was realized when finally staged the test game.

By contrast most of the party's seats were won either due to the absence of a candidate from one of the other parties or in rural areas on the " Celtic fringe ", where local evidence suggests that economic ideas were at best peripheral to the electorate's concerns.

By the end of 2010, the party's support had dropped to as low as 5 %.

By the age of 16, Booth was interested in the theatre and in politics, becoming a delegate from Bel Air to a rally by the Know Nothing Party for Henry Winter Davis, the anti-immigrant party's candidate for Congress in the 1854 elections.

By the end of 1989, the last hardline members of the party's Central Committee had either resigned or been pushed out, followed in 1990 by 95 % of the SED's 2. 3 million members.

By 1928, 1, 600 of the party's 1, 750 members were Black.

By the beginning of 1968, however, many people in the Social Democratic Party were dissatisfied with Paasio's leadership style, and Koivisto eventually emerged as the party's candidate to succeed Paasio as Prime Minister, which he did on March 22, 1968.

By 1997, the Reform Party attempted to shed the negative public outlook on the party's views on immigration and minority rights by selecting multiple ethnic minority candidates to run as Reform Party candidates in the 1997 federal election to demonstrate that the Reform Party's policies were not intended to be intolerant.

By the 1960s the party's membership had fallen to around 5, 000, but it continued to hold positions in a number of trade unions, and it was also influential in the various protest movements of the period, especially the movement against the Vietnam War.

By conference resolution the party's object must be printed on all literature it distributes, as an indication of its importance.

By June, the party's growth rate was its highest ever.

By early 2007 support had fallen to 17 % support, further behind the two front-running parties but still slightly ahead of the party's 15 % result in the 2003 election.

:* By 1964 the LSSP's leadership abandoned the party's longstanding opposition to the SLFP, completing a political turn it had attempted in 1960, until the Sixth World Congress condemned the LSSP for offering support to the SLFP.

By 1999, Bachand had emerged as the nominal Quebec lieutenant of the Conservatives, attending most PC events in the province with Clark and acting as the party's chief spokesman for Quebec issues.

By the summer of 1933, two of old wartime subordinates of Calles had risen to the top of the party: Manuel Pérez Treviño and Lázaro Cárdenas Calles sought to have Trevino be the party's nominee at the time, seeing that he would be the most likely to continue his policies, but soon caved into pressure from party officials and agreed to support the popular land reformer Cárdenas as the PNR's presidential candidate in the 1934 Mexican Presidential election.

By the end of the 1980s he emerged as one of the party's most prominent members and in December 1989 became its leader.

By convention, if a competitive leadership race between sitting members of the party's caucus is taking place, the interim leader should be a caucus member who is not standing as a candidate in the leadership race, so they do not gain unfair advantage in the contest.

By January 1984, Benazir was being referred to as the party's chairman and subsequently secured the legal appointment by the senior leadership of Central Executive Committee at the convention held in 1984.

By the 1981 elections, the party's support had subsided somewhat, and Social Credit only gained 20. 55 % of the vote.

By summer 1993 Đinđić had a clear personal vision of the party's future direction and aggressively set about implementing it.

By offering to endorse or nominate a major party's candidate, minor parties can influence the candidate's platform.

By October 1993 the division between Karlsson and Wachtmeister became clearer, while the party's support had fallen to around 4. 4 %.

By the time of the 1963 coup the increasing unpopularity of Qasim, with whom the Communists were still linked in the public mind, coupled with the repressive measures he had adopted against them, had contributed to reducing the party's membership to under 10, 000.

By careful use of subtext, especially such that is highly symbolic and culturally bound to a sub-group with little formal power, groups can work to instill a sense of purpose or focus to an anticipated future revolution, often without the ruling party's understanding.

By 1920, Langer was publicly accusing Townley of Bolshevism, and failed in a primary campaign to replace the incumbent NPL governor Lynn Frazier as the party's gubernatorial candidate.