By accepted definition, a 1-ton conditioner will provide 12,000 BTU of cooling in one hour.

By the Brønsted-Lowry definition, any compound which can easily be deprotonated can be considered an acid.

By definition it does not cover problems whose solution are unknown or have not been characterised formally.

By definition a multilinear map is alternating if it vanishes whenever two of its arguments are equal.

By this definition, if previous versions ( N-1, N-2, etc.

* By the definition of addition and scalar multiplication of linear functionals in the dual space,

By definition, where a director enters into a transaction with a company, there is a conflict between the director's interest ( to do well for himself out of the transaction ) and his duty to the company ( to ensure that the company gets as much as it can out of the transaction ).

By legal definition, all semi-highways are expressways.

By definition a set S is countable if there exists an injective function

By 1963 – 4 Gödel would disavow Herbrand – Gödel recursion and the λ-calculus in favor of the Turing machine as the definition of " algorithm " or " mechanical procedure " or " formal system ".

By contrast, a dictionary definition has additional details, typically including an etymology showing snapshots of the earlier meanings and the parent language.

By his own admission, Hubbard made what he considered was one of the greatest mistakes of his life when he used the biological definition of engram as a " trace on a cell ", which was not in line with the proper biological definition.

By definition, this classifies it as both a river and a strait — a strait being a narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water.

Let f and g be any two elements of G. By virtue of the definition of G, = and =, so that =.

By definition, it is the amount of energy gained by the charge of a single electron moved across an electric potential difference of one volt.

At standard temperature, pressure and concentration conditions, the cell's emf ( measured by a multimeter ) is 0. 34 V. By definition, the electrode potential for the SHE is zero.

By definition, equality follow a number of " equivalence relations ", including ( a ) reflexive ( i. e. ), ( b ) symmetric ( i. e. if then ) ( c ) transitive ( i. e. if and then ).

By definition, a and b can be written as multiples of c: a = mc and b = nc, where m and n are natural numbers.

By definition, the first two numbers in the Fibonacci sequence are 0 and 1, and each subsequent number is the sum of the previous two.

By an abuse of the definition, a particular formal language is often thought of as being equipped with a formal grammar that describes it.

By definition, maps objects and morphisms identically to.

By definition, granite is an igneous rock with at least 20 % quartz by volume.

By definition, these clouds must have a v < sub > lsr </ sub > greater than 90 km s < sup >− 1 </ sup >, where v < sub > lsr </ sub > is the local standard rest velocity.

By definition, there was only one " catholic " or " universal " Church.

By 1920, Oakland was the home of numerous manufacturing industries, including metals, canneries, bakeries, internal combustion engines, automobiles, and shipbuilding.

By the 1920s, tractors with gasoline-powered internal combustion engines had become the norm.

By feeding the lower oxygen exhaust gas into the intake, diesel EGR systems lower combustion temperature, reducing emissions of NOx.

By 1876, Otto and Langen succeeded in creating the first internal combustion engine that compressed the fuel mixture prior to combustion for far higher efficiency than any engine created to this time.

By contrast, a six-stroke engine may convert more than 50 % of the energy of combustion into useful rotational energy.

By this time there is already a quantity of fuel in the combustion chamber which will ignite first in areas of greater oxygen density prior to the combustion of the complete charge.

By manipulation of the shape it is possible to influence the burning rate and hence the rate at which pressure builds during combustion.

By not providing enough time under load, internal combustion chamber temperatures are unrealistically low and power readings-especially past the power peak-are skewed to the low side.

By measuring the proportion of oxygen in the remaining exhaust gas, and by knowing the volume and temperature of the air entering the cylinders amongst other things, an ECU can use look-up tables to determine the amount of fuel required to burn at the stoichiometric ratio ( 14. 7: 1 air: fuel by mass for gasoline ) to ensure complete combustion.

By contracting the bulb to a very narrow neck where it attached to the cylinder, a high degree of turbulence was set up as the ignited gases flashed through the neck into the cylinder, where combustion was completed.

By 1920 the internal combustion engine had progressed to such a point that the steam car was an anachronism.

By keeping the intake and exhaust valves closed, it creates an " air spring " in the combustion chamber – the trapped exhaust gases ( kept from the previous charge burn ) are compressed during the piston ’ s upstroke and push down on the piston during its downstroke.

By 1876 Otto and Langen succeeded in creating the first internal combustion engine that compressed the fuel mixture prior to combustion for far higher efficiency than any engine created to this time.

By controlling the combustion specific to each resonant chamber, the pyrophone has, for better or worse, a greater range of variables in play when producing tones.

By contrast, most chemical oxidation reactions ( such as burning coal or TNT ) release at most a few eV per event.

By the mid-20th century, the Catholic Church in the United States had managed to overcome much of the deeply entrenched anti-Catholic prejudice that marked the nativist reactions of the 19th century.

By contrast, nuclear reactions within stars destroy deuterium and isotopes of other light elements, beryllium, lithium, and boron, which were contained in the initial compositions of the stars.

By complex cooperative action the proteases may proceed as cascade reactions, which result in rapid and efficient amplification of an organism's response to a physiological signal.

By metabolism he meant a cycle of chemical reactions that release energy in a form that can be harnessed by other processes.

By his quick and energetic reactions, he gained support from the intellectuals and in 1972, he succeeded İsmet İnönü as the leader of the party.

By virtue of its radioactivity it can be used to explore the mechanism of chemical reactions by tracing the path that the radioisotope follows from reactants to products.

By controlling the stoichiometry and steric properties of the alkoxide, such reactions can be arrested leading to metal-oxy-alkoxides, which usually are oligonuclear complexes.

By creating an ideology within the society of the individual, the individual's actions and reactions to stimuli are predetermined to adhere to the social rules imposed on him / her.

By computationally examining both the activation barriers and the activation strains of several different ene reactions involving propene as the ene component, Fernandez and co-workers have found that the barrier decreases along the enophiles in the order H < sub > 2 </ sub > C = CH < sub > 2 </ sub > > H < sub > 2 </ sub > C = NH > H < sub > 2 </ sub > C = CH ( COOCH < sub > 3 </ sub >) > H < sub > 2 </ sub > C = O > H < sub > 2 </ sub > C = PH > H < sub > 2 </ sub > C = S, as the reaction becomes more and more asynchronous and / or the activation strain decreases.

By making use of this fuel which would otherwise have been disposed of as waste the TVA is saving millions of dollars in fuel costs and accumulating a database of recycled uranium reactions in LWR use.

By collecting for many reactions with different ( but excess ) concentrations of, a plot of versus gives ( the regular second order rate constant ) as the slope.

By definition, multicomponent reactions are those reactions whereby more than two reactants combine in a sequential manner to give highly selective products that retain majority of the atoms of the starting material.

By activating immune reactions against the expressed tumor-associated antigens, the apoptosis-like process of immune rejection of the tumor takes place.

By the mid-1960s, immunologists were convinced that there were indeed two separate arms of the immune system: one dealing exclusively with the production of circulating antibodies ( humoral immunity ), and another that is involved in the delayed hypersensitivity-type reactions and graft rejections ( cell-mediated immunity ).

By driving novel chemical reactions at high temperatures, fire can even alter the texture and structure of soils by affecting the clay content and the soil's porosity.

By controlling the synthesis of proteins, DNA determines what chemical reactions take place in the cell.

By looking at the difference in masses, one can predict which nuclei have stored energy that can be released by certain nuclear reactions, providing important information which was useful in the development of nuclear energy and, consequently, the nuclear bomb.

By studying neurorobots in real-world environments, they are more easily observed and assessed to describe heuristics of robot function in terms of its embedded neural systems and the reactions of these systems to its environment ( Krichmar 2008 ).

By avoiding general anesthesia, patients with adverse reactions to general anesthetics can be successfully treated.