By secretly giving inside information to the Komnenoi, Maria was an invaluable ally.

By one estimate, it has the fourth highest gross national income at purchasing power parity in Africa, giving it a standard of living around that of Mexico and Turkey.

By giving it the title ' knowledge ', conspiracy theory is considered alongside more ' legitimate ' modes of knowing.

By giving each channel a different frequency " slot " on the cable the separate television signals do not interfere.

By the end of the " Kino-Pravda " series, Vertov made liberal use of stop motion, freeze frames, and other cinematic " artificialities ," giving rise to criticisms not just of his trenchant dogmatism, but also of his cinematic technique.

By defeating Russia in 1917 Germany was able to bring hundreds of thousands of combat troops from the east to the Western Front, giving it a numerical advantage over the Allies.

By 1343, last of these dynasties had ceased to exist, giving rise to the Vijayanagar empire.

By 500 BC, Melanesian seafarers had reached Fiji and intermarried with the Polynesian inhabitants, giving rise to the modern Fijian people.

By giving away their ICQ product for free and preventing interoperability between their client software and other products, they were able to temporarily dominate the market for instant messaging.

By analogy with the phoneme, linguists have proposed other sorts of underlying objects, giving them names with the suffix-eme, such as morpheme and grapheme.

By September, Porsche owned a 35. 14 % plurality stake in Volkswagen AG, effectively giving it control over the company.

By paying attention to the army, giving much freedom to Finland, and freeing the serfs in 1861, he gained much popular support ( Finns still dearly remember him ).

By the late 1810s, under siege from the Quadrille, dancing masters began to invent " new " forms of country dance, often with figures borrowed from the Quadrille, and giving them exotic names such as the Danse Ecossoise and Danse Espagnuole which suggested entire new dances but actually covered very minor variations in the classic form.

By the mid-16th century, the " v " form was used to represent the consonant and " u " the vowel sound, giving us the modern letter " u ".

By demanding that high-frequency light must be emitted by an oscillator of equal frequency, and further requiring that this oscillator occupy higher energy than one of a lesser frequency, Planck avoided any catastrophe ; giving an equal partition to high-frequency oscillators produced successively fewer oscillators and less emitted light.

By 1997, 81 % of the developing world's wheat area was planted to semi-dwarf wheats, giving both increased yields and better response to nitrogenous fertilizer.

By the end of the king's long reign, rich Baroque designs were giving way to lighter elements with more curves and natural patterns.

By a misadventure, all of the Republican electors cast their votes for both Jefferson and Burr, giving them each 73 votes.

By taking the derivative of the optical path length, the stationary point is found giving the path taken by the light ( though it should be noted that the result does not show light taking the least time path, but rather one that is stationary with respect to small variations as there are cases where light actually takes the greatest time path, as in a spherical mirror ).

By giving the lender the cloak as well the debtor was reduced to nakedness.

By testing the samples from the spring water, the team was at least able to identify the substance's current presence at the site, giving them insight that a presumably larger quantity existed in the waters thousands of years earlier.

By giving common people the power not only to elect officials but also to call them to account, Solon appears to have established the foundations of a true democracy.

By World War II, every twelfth resident of the city was a student, giving rise to the city's informal name-Siberian Athens.

By virtue of finishing last the year before, the Isles were also able to claim goaltender Chris Osgood with the first pick in the waiver draft, adding a former championship goaltender without giving up any players in exchange.

By December, 1958, when ' Abdallah Ibrahim became President of the Council, elections had even greater importance.

By 1975, after a failed uprising by the Muslim Youth, President Daoud Khan started to dissociate himself from the Soviet Union and the communist party of Afghanistan.

By 1967, when a military junta had seized power in Greece, the political impetus for enosis had faded, partly as a result of the non-aligned foreign policy of Cypriot President Makarios.

By 1939 Nissan's operations had moved to Manchuria, then under Japanese occupation, where its founder and President, Yoshisuke Ayukawa, established the Manchurian Motor Company to manufacture military trucks.

By November the Deputy General Minister and President, William Howland, suggested that the committee's staff consultant and chairperson agree on a specific proposal and bring it back to the committee: that meant Robert L. Friedly of the Office of Interpretation and Ronald E. Osborn.

By that time, there was great concern that the national deficit had risen dangerously and President Ronald Reagan had declared that a vast amount of government spending was being misused through waste and fraud.

By 1798, relations with France had deteriorated to the point that war seemed imminent, and on July 4, 1798, President Adams offered Washington a commission as lieutenant general and Commander-in-chief of the armies raised or to be raised for service in a prospective war.

By 1989 President Callejas's broad economic goal became to return Honduran economic growth to 1960-80 levels.

By 1991 President Callejas had achieved modest success in controlling inflation.

By 1989 and the election of President Callejas, however, a heavy toll had been taken by regionwide economic recession, civil war in neighboring countries, the drying up of most external credit, and capital flight equaling more than US $ 1. 5 billion.

By 1932, power had shifted to such an extent that the German President, Paul von Hindenburg, was able to dismiss a chancellor and select his own person for the job, even though the outgoing chancellor possessed the confidence of the Reichstag while the new chancellor did not.

By Spring 1810, President Madison was specifically asking Congress for more appropriations to increase the Army and Navy in preparation for war with Britain.

By June 2003, the lower house of Parliament announced that President Akayev and two other " puppet " leaders of Kyrgyzstan, from the Soviet era, would be given lifetime immunity from prosecution, raising the prospect of Akayev finally stepping down.

By decree of the President of the Italian Republic of 2 June 2010, Kabir Bedi was officially knighted.

By a law that took effect in April 1990, the EPS became subordinate to President Chamorro as commander in chief.

By Executive Order of the President of the United States, the Purple Heart was revived on the 200th Anniversary of George Washington's birth, out of respect to his memory and military achievements, by War Department General Orders No. 3, dated February 22, 1932.

By 1941, President Roosevelt and Prime Minister King made an executive agreement to build the joint hydro and navigation works, but this too failed to receive the assent of Congress.

By 1998, simultaneous with Montenegrin Prime Minister Milo Đukanović coming out on top in the power struggle with Montenegrin President Momir Bulatović, the republic undertook a different economic policy by adopting the Deutsche Mark as its currency.

By the end of August a Solidarity-led coalition government was formed and in December 1990 Wałęsa was elected President of Poland.

By a law signed on March 3, 1931 by President Herbert Hoover, " The Star-Spangled Banner " was adopted as the national anthem of the United States.

By the time of their inauguration, the President and Vice President must be:

By law, however, Congress may allow the President, heads of executive departments, or the courts to appoint inferior officials.

At his inauguration George Washington declared in his Inaugural Address: " By the article establishing the executive department it is made the duty of the President " to recommend to your consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.

By becoming President under current terms, Grant would at best leave the office at age 56 with no income, assuming he served two terms.