By inhibiting mEH, valproic acid and valnoctamide cause a buildup of the active metabolite, prolonging the effects of carbamazepine and delaying its excretion.

By inhibiting gastric emptying and reducing propulsive peristalsis of the intestine, morphine decreases the rate of intestinal transit.

By converting nicotinamide to niacin, nicotinamide is removed, inhibiting the activity of Sir2.

By inhibiting MAO, phenelzine prevents the breakdown of the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin, melatonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine, as well as the trace amine neuromodulators such as phenethylamine, tyramine, octopamine, and tryptamine.

By inhibiting ALA-T and GABA-T, phenelzine causes an increase in the alanine and GABA levels in the brain and body.

By being hydrophobic and small, or inhibiting astrocyte function, some compounds including certain neurotoxins are able to penetrate into the brain and induce significant damage.

By inhibiting the ability for neurons to perform their expected intracellular functions, or pass a signal to a neighboring cell, neurotoxins can induce systemic nervous system arrest as in the case of botulinum toxin, or even nervous tissue death.

By inhibiting the cholinesterase the fly can no longer break down ACh in the NMJ and so its muscles lock up in a state of tetany ( continuous contraction ) making flying and respiration impossible.

By inhibiting the action of dopamine, metoclopramide has sometimes been used to stimulate lactation.

By inhibiting the transporter, the loop diuretics reduce the reabsorption of NaCl and also diminish the lumen-positive potential that derives from K < sup >+</ sup > recycling.

By inhibiting the cotransporter, thiazide diuretics increase the gradient potential for Na.

By sequestering FtsZ, the cell can directly link DNA damage to inhibiting cell division.

By inhibiting the flexor, these interneurons aid contraction of the extensor.

By inhibiting the functioning of this enzyme, the drug prevents formation of gastric acid.

By inhibiting α-2 antiplasmin, dextran serves as a plasminogen activator and therefore possesses thrombolytic features.

By inhibiting mir-424 in normal endothelial cells they could observe the same increased protein expression of MEK1 and Cyclin E1 which, important for the development of senile hemangioma ; induced cell proliferation of the endothelial cells.

By limiting lipid oxidation, phenolics in grape seeds may reduce risk of heart disease, such as by inhibiting platelet aggregation and reducing inflammation.

By inhibiting the H < sub > 4 </ sub > receptor, asthma and allergy may be treated.

By inhibiting the ATP, formation of phosphotyrosine residues in EGFR is not possible and the signal cascades are not initiated.

By inhibiting this step, cells die from a thymineless death because they have no thymine to create more DNA.

By augmenting endogenous amylin, pramlintide aids in the absorption of glucose by slowing gastric emptying, promoting satiety via hypothalamic receptors ( different receptors than for GLP-1 ), and inhibiting inappropriate secretion of glucagon, a catabolic hormone that opposes the effects of insulin and amylin.

By doing so, they bind bile acids and sequester them from enterohepatic circulation.

By 407 there were no new Roman coins going into circulation, and by 430 it is likely that coinage as a medium of exchange had been abandoned.

By that December, the term was in circulation to the extent that The New Yorkers Ellen Willis, contrasting her own tastes with those of Flash and fellow critic Nick Tosches, wrote, " Punk-rock has become the favored term of endearment.

By August 1968, < i > Literarni listy </ i > had a circulation of 300, 000, making it the most published periodical in Europe .< ref > Holý, Jiří.

By 1696 the currency had been seriously weakened by an increase in clipping during the Nine Years ' War to the extent that it was decided to recall and replace all hammered silver coinage in circulation.

By October, it was in circulation, although the King had not yet given it his full assent.

By 1903, its circulation was declining.

By 1866, it had gained the greatest circulation of any newspaper in France.

By this time the circulation had fallen below 200, 000.

By late 1936, a 98m 06s print was in circulation in the UK, and a 72m 13s print was resubmitted for classification by the BBFC and was passed after further cuts for reissue in 1943.

By avoiding prohibitively large subscription fees, this increases the circulation of knowledge and further draws it away from market exchange.

By 1974, circulation had nearly quadrupled, to 635, 000, and it reached the one million milestone in 1975 — one of the most successful launches of its time.

By the 1940s the paper's circulation was smaller than it had been in 1900, and its political influence also declined.

By 1912 its circulation was 120, 000, and by the late 1920s / early 1930s, The Forward was a leading U. S. metropolitan daily with considerable influence and a nationwide circulation of more than 275, 000 though this had dropped to 170, 000 by 1939 as a result of changes in U. S. immigration policy that restricted the immigration of Jews to a trickle.

By 1962 circulation was down to 56, 126 daily and 59, 636 Sunday, and by 1983 the newspaper was published only once a week, with an English supplement.

By the 1900s, magazines such as Collier's Weekly, Munsey's Magazine and McClure's Magazine were already in wide circulation and read avidly by the growing middle class.

By then, however, through no fault of the moneyers ' there was a problem in that many of the coins in circulation were underweight.

By nature of the courtyard's position between the two interior volumes, it becomes an integral part of the house's circulation system.

By 1978, Eenadu surpassed Andhra Prabha ’ s circulation and by 1995, two other rivals Andhra Patrika and Udayam folded up, leaving Eenadu with over 75 % of the audited circulation of Telugu dailies.

By 1912, the circulation was two million and around three million by the early 1920s.

By the mid-1950s the title was the best selling comic book in the United States, with a monthly circulation of over three million.

By the mid 1930s, the Mirror was struggling – it and the Mail were the main casualties of the early 1930s circulation war that saw the Daily Herald and the Daily Express establish circulations of more than two million, and Rothermere decided to sell his shares in it.

By the 1920s, merchandising and growing circulation had increased his income to an estimated $ 250, 000.

By contrast, the circulation of the Xinmin Evening News, operated by the Shanghai Municipal Government, has risen from 1. 3 million to 1. 7 million over the same time period.