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By mass-energy equivalence, the electron volt is also a unit of mass.
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By and equivalence
By demonstrating that burning diamond and graphite releases the same amount of gas he established the chemical equivalence of these substances.
By definition, equality follow a number of " equivalence relations ", including ( a ) reflexive ( i. e. ), ( b ) symmetric ( i. e. if then ) ( c ) transitive ( i. e. if and then ).
By 1865, the German physicist Rudolf Clausius had shown that this equivalence principle needed amendment.
By the same argument, any partially ordered set and any equivalence relation can be seen as a small category.
By the equivalence principle gravitational stress-energy will always vanish locally at any chosen point in some chosen frame, therefore gravitational stress-energy cannot be expressed as a non-zero tensor ; instead we have to use a pseudotensor.
By examining this equivalence more carefully, important properties like TDAC can be easily derived.
By that time, Connie had attained peak winds of, or the equivalence of a current-day Category 4 on the Saffir-Simpson scale.
By the above equivalence, this is the same as the satisfiability of.
By definition, a gauge theory represents each physically distinct configuration of the system as an equivalence class of detailed local field configurations.
By and electron
By considering the propagation of the negative energy modes of the electron field backward in time, Ernst Stueckelberg reached a pictorial understanding of the fact that the particle and antiparticle have equal mass m and spin J but opposite charges q.
By recording these changes in the electron beam, microscopists can produce atomically resolved image of the material.
By comparison, electron microscopes are limited by the de Broglie wavelength of the electron.
By definition, it is the amount of energy gained by the charge of a single electron moved across an electric potential difference of one volt.
By inserting the energetic definitions of the ionization potential and electron affinity into the Mulliken electronegativity, it is possible to show that the Mulliken chemical potential is a finite difference approximation of the electronic energy with respect to the number of electrons., i. e.,
By convention, the charge of an electron is − 1, while that of a proton is + 1.
By contrast, inelastic scattering occurs when energy is transferred from the incoming X-ray to the crystal, e. g., by exciting an inner-shell electron to a higher energy level.
By contrast, electron beams may produce strong secondary scattering even for relatively thin crystals (> 100 nm ).
By assuming that the material contains immobile positive ions and an " electron gas " of classical, non-interacting electrons, the Drude model was able to explain electrical and thermal conductivity and the Hall effect in metals, although it greatly overestimated the electronic heat capacity.
By emitting an electron and an electron antineutrino, carbon-14 ( half-life of 5730 years ) decays into the stable ( non-radioactive ) isotope nitrogen-14.
By carefully analyzing the noise of a current, the charge of an electron can be calculated.
By Pauli's exclusion principle, both the particles after scattering have to lie above the Fermi surface, with energies Now, suppose the initial electron has energy very close to the Fermi surface Then, we have that also have to be very close to the Fermi surface.
By accepting the electrons, oxygen allows the electron transport chain to continue functioning.
By connecting this gun to a high voltage source ( typically ~ 100 – 300 kV ) the gun will, given sufficient current, begin to emit electrons either by thermionic or field electron emission into the vacuum.
By connecting the filament to the negative component power supply, electrons can be " pumped " from the electron gun to the anode plate, and TEM column, thus completing the circuit.
By inserting the energetic definitions of the ionization potential and electron affinity into the Mulliken electronegativity, it is possible to show that the Mulliken chemical potential is a finite difference approximation of the electronic energy with respect to the number of electrons., i. e.,
By contrast, the photosynthesis in plants uses water as electron donor and produces oxygen.
By contrast, the second electron resides in the deeper second electron shell, and the second ionization energy required for its removal is much larger: + 4562. 4 kJ per mole.
By convention, the voltage is used to characterize X-and gamma-ray beams ( in volts ), whilst electron beams are characterized by their energies ( in electronvolts ).
By convention, the voltage is used to characterize X-and gamma-ray beams ( in volts ), whilst electron beams are characterized by their energies ( in electronvolts ).
By convention, the voltage is used to characterize X-and gamma-ray beams ( in volts ), whilst electron beams are characterized by their energies ( in electronvolts ).
By and volt
By mid-May, Reyat had gone into the woods to test a device with a 12 volt battery, cardboard cylinder, gun powder, and some dynamite, but the device failed to work.
By contrast, weakly electric fish generate a discharge that is typically less than one volt in amplitude.
By the end of 2007, the 9 volt system had been discontinued.
By and is
By `` image '' is meant not only a visual presentation, but also remembered sensations of any of the five senses plus the feelings which are immediately conjoined therewith.
By virtue of his self-reliance, his individualism and his freedom from external restraint, the private eye is a perfect embodiment of the middle class conception of liberty, which amounts to doing what you please and let the devil take the hindmost.
By upholding his own personal code of behavior, the private detective has placed himself in opposition to a society whose fabric is permeated with crime and corruption.
By our policy the West was -- is -- split.
By law this is 75% for the Virgin Islands, Guam and Puerto Rico.
By law this is 70% for the Virgin Islands, Guam and Puerto Rico.
By this standard, it is determined that where two stations operating on the same frequency are involved, objectionable interference from station A exists at any point within the service area of station B where station A's signal is of an intensity one-twentieth or more of the strength of station B's signal at that point.
By this time Henri's entire chest-back-lat-shoulder area is pumped-up to almost bursting point, and Claude takes time to do a bit more pectoral-front deltoid shaping work.
By this scheme, pulling one signal to clear locks all the other switch and signal levers in safe positions until the first signal is again restored to normal.
By lifting the seat upwards a little, the weight is taken off the neck and the back is kept rounded.
By the middle of the summer, many of the larvae apparently receive such a good diet that it is `` optimal '', and it is then that young queens begin to appear.
By Theorem 10, D is a diagonalizable operator which we shall call the diagonalizable part of T.
By ( 1 ), the image of this pencil is a ruled surface of order Af which is met by the plane of the pencil in a curve, C, of order Af.
By means of this social control, deviance is either eliminated or somehow made compatible with the function of the social group.
By the time the child first attacks the actual problem of reading, he is completely familiar and at ease with all of the elements of words.
By this time there is little doubt but what election plans were complete.
By the very nature of the situation, it is the union which has been able to select the time and place to bring pressure upon management.
By all means the most important distinction is that between those total-cost apportionments which superimpose a distribution of admittedly unallocable cost residues on estimates of incremental or marginal costs, and those other apportionments which recognize no difference between true cost allocation and mere total-cost distribution.
By airline from Concord to Burlington is a distance of about 150 miles, counting a slight deviation for the stop at either Barre or Montpelier.
By using instruments of gradually increasing size, the vagina is gently, and with minimum pain at each stage, taught to yield to an object of the appropriate shape.
By means of charts showing wave-travel times and depths in the ocean at various locations, it is possible to estimate the rate of approach and probable time of arrival at Hawaii of a tsunami getting under way at any spot in the Pacific.
0.347 seconds.