By the 1940s, the term commonly was capitalized, Negro, but by the mid 1960s it was considered disparaging.

By the Roman period brass was being deliberately produced from metallic copper and zinc minerals using the cementation process and variations on this method continued until the mid 19th century.

By the mid late 18th century developments in cheaper zinc distillation such as John-Jaques Dony's horizontal furnaces in Belgium and the reduction of tariffs on zinc as well as demand for corrosion resistant high zinc alloys increased the popularity of speltering and as a result cementation was largely abandoned by the mid 19th century.

By the mid 19th century, many boats had been built with iron or steel frames but still planked in wood.

By the mid 1960s, binary addressing had become the standard architecture in most computer designs, and main memory sizes were most commonly powers of two.

" By the mid 2000s, bikinis had become a $ 811 million business annually, according to the NPD Group, a consumer and retail information company.

By the mid 1970s, born again Christians were increasingly referred to in the mainstream media as part of the born again movement.

By the mid 20th century, with the growing market for rare coins, the Sheldon system was adopted by the American Numismatic Association and most coin professionals in the North America.

By cutting transportation costs in half or more it became a large profit center for Albany, New York and New York City as it allowed the cheap transportation of many of the agricultural products grown in the mid west of the United States to the rest of the world.

By the mid 19th century, Edward Frankland, F. A.

By the mid to late 2000s, many disco-influenced songs were hits.

By mid century, the cooperative Christian Churches and the independent Christian Churches were following different paths.

By the mid — 18th century the French chemist Charles François de Cisternay du Fay had discovered two types of static electricity, and that like charges repel each other whilst unlike charges attract.

By the mid 1970s, there were enough media zines being published that adzines existed just to advertise all of the other zines available.

By the mid 19th century, the South, The city of New Orleans in particular, being situated as a key to commerce on the Mississippi River and in the Gulf, had become the largest U. S. city not on the Atlantic seaboard and the fourth largest in the U. S. overall.

By the mid 17th century, numerous small Dutch and Flemish distillers ( some 400 in Amsterdam alone by 1663 ) had popularized the re-distillation of malt spirit or wine with juniper, anise, caraway, coriander, etc., which were sold in pharmacies and used to treat such medical problems as kidney ailments, lumbago, stomach ailments, gallstones, and gout.

By the mid 1890s, the Golden Dawn was well established in Great Britain, with membership rising to over a hundred and including every class of Victorian society.

By the mid 1960s, Viola Spolin's classes were handed over to her protégé, Jo Forsberg, who further developed Spolin's methods into a one-year course, which eventually became The Players Workshop, the first official school of improvisation in the USA.

By the mid 1970s, Sweden experienced a recession that struck especially hard on the industrial sector ; shipyards and manufacturing industries were hard hit, which led to high unemployment in many cities of Scania.

By mid July, the team found themselves only 10 games out of the division lead.

By mid July, North Korean troops overwhelmed the South Korean and allied American units defending South Korea and forced them back to a defensive perimeter in south-east South Korean known as the Pusan Perimeter.

By the mid to late-1970s some parts of the capitalist world, including South Korea, were creating new industries based around computers, electronics, and other advanced technology in contrast to North Korea's Stalinist economy of mining and steel production.

By mid July they had Somoza and the National Guard isolated in Managua.

By the mid 19th century, the industrial revolution had transformed England and had begun in France.

By 1912, Ostwald noted that the allotropy of elements is just a special case of the phenomenon of polymorphism known for compounds, and proposed that the terms allotrope and allotropy be abandoned and replaced by polymorph and polymorphism.

By the summer of 1912 Heelis had proposed marriage and Beatrix had accepted, although she did not immediately tell her parents who once again disapproved because Heelis was only a country solicitor.

Including a translation of The Perchino Hunt By His Excellency Dmitri Walzoff ( 1912 ).

By 1912, public interest had waned, and Cahill's enterprise was bankrupt.

By 1911 there were enough independent and foreign films available to programme all the shows of the independent exhibitors, and in 1912 the independents had nearly half of the market.

By 1912 the Danish film companies were multiplying rapidly.

By 1912 and 1913, there are beginning to be many films from many American companies that rely on applying novel decoration to the story, rather than supplying any twists to the drama itself to sustain interest.

By 1912, United Fruit had two concessions which it had purchased with government approval.

By 1912, three companies dominated the banana trade in Honduras: Samuel Zemurray's Cuyamel Fruit Company, Vaccaro Brothers and Company and the United Fruit Company ; all of which tended to be vertically integrated, owning their own lands and railroad companies and ship lines such as United's " Great White Fleet ".

By 1912, 16 % of peasants ( up from 11 % in 1903 ) had relatively large endowments of over per male family member ( a threshold used in statistics to distinguish between middle-class and prosperous farmers, i. e., kulaks ).

By 1912 the Cardiff Football Ground, as it was then known, had a new south stand and temporary stands on the north, east and west ends of the ground.

By 1912, the discovery of vitamins was a boost for Marmite, as the spread is a rich source of the vitamin B complex ; vitamin B < sub > 12 </ sub > is not naturally found in yeast extract, but is added to Marmite during manufacture.

By 1912, the Sisters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul recognized the need to offer greater opportunity through university education and adopted a progressive plan to establish a college for young women.

By 4 January 1912, the last two four-man groups had reached 87 ° 34 ′ S. Scott announced his decision: five men ( Scott, Edward Wilson, Henry Bowers, Lawrence Oates and Edgar Evans ) would go forward, the other three ( Teddy Evans, William Lashly and Tom Crean ) would return.

By 1912 the German administration had apparently achieved its long-term objective of understanding the traditional forces in Samoa politics while maintaining a semblance of local participation in government.

By 1912, 239 political parties at both the state and national level had pledged some form of direct election, and 33 states had introduced the use of direct primaries.

By 1912, 239 political parties at both the state and national level had pledged some form of direct election, and 33 states had introduced the use of direct primaries.

By 1912 the organization had around 25, 000 members, concentrated in the Northwest, among dock workers, agricultural workers in the central states, and in textile and mining areas.

By 1912, oil replaced coal in warships and again the Yard was scheduled for closure and the land relinquished by the Navy.

By Dr. Alice Drysdale Vickery ( with preface and remarks ) ( Letchworth: Garden City Press, 1912 ).

By the early 1920s, several formats had successfully split the amateur home movies market away from 35 mm: 28 mm ( 1. 1 in ) ( 1912 ), 9. 5 mm ( 0. 37 in ) ( 1922 ), 16 mm ( 0. 63 in ) ( 1923 ), and Pathe Rural, a 17. 5 mm format designed for safety film ( 1926 ).

By 1912, Lille's population was at 217, 000: the city profited from the Industrial Revolution, particularly via coal and the steam engine.

By 1912 shipments to Amsterdam, where the leaves were processed into cocaine, reached 1 million kg, overtaking the Peruvian export market.

By 1912, the party claimed the most votes of any German party.

By 1912, SKF was represented in 32 countries and by 1930, a staff of over 21, 000 were employed in 12 manufacturing facilities worldwide with the largest in Philadelphia, Pa.