By the 1940s, the term commonly was capitalized, Negro, but by the mid 1960s it was considered disparaging.

By the Roman period brass was being deliberately produced from metallic copper and zinc minerals using the cementation process and variations on this method continued until the mid 19th century.

By the mid late 18th century developments in cheaper zinc distillation such as John-Jaques Dony's horizontal furnaces in Belgium and the reduction of tariffs on zinc as well as demand for corrosion resistant high zinc alloys increased the popularity of speltering and as a result cementation was largely abandoned by the mid 19th century.

By the mid 19th century, many boats had been built with iron or steel frames but still planked in wood.

By the mid 1960s, binary addressing had become the standard architecture in most computer designs, and main memory sizes were most commonly powers of two.

" By the mid 2000s, bikinis had become a $ 811 million business annually, according to the NPD Group, a consumer and retail information company.

By the mid 1970s, born again Christians were increasingly referred to in the mainstream media as part of the born again movement.

By the mid 20th century, with the growing market for rare coins, the Sheldon system was adopted by the American Numismatic Association and most coin professionals in the North America.

By cutting transportation costs in half or more it became a large profit center for Albany, New York and New York City as it allowed the cheap transportation of many of the agricultural products grown in the mid west of the United States to the rest of the world.

By the mid 19th century, Edward Frankland, F. A.

By the mid to late 2000s, many disco-influenced songs were hits.

By mid century, the cooperative Christian Churches and the independent Christian Churches were following different paths.

By the mid — 18th century the French chemist Charles François de Cisternay du Fay had discovered two types of static electricity, and that like charges repel each other whilst unlike charges attract.

By the mid 1970s, there were enough media zines being published that adzines existed just to advertise all of the other zines available.

By the mid 19th century, the South, The city of New Orleans in particular, being situated as a key to commerce on the Mississippi River and in the Gulf, had become the largest U. S. city not on the Atlantic seaboard and the fourth largest in the U. S. overall.

By the mid 17th century, numerous small Dutch and Flemish distillers ( some 400 in Amsterdam alone by 1663 ) had popularized the re-distillation of malt spirit or wine with juniper, anise, caraway, coriander, etc., which were sold in pharmacies and used to treat such medical problems as kidney ailments, lumbago, stomach ailments, gallstones, and gout.

By the mid 1890s, the Golden Dawn was well established in Great Britain, with membership rising to over a hundred and including every class of Victorian society.

By the mid 1960s, Viola Spolin's classes were handed over to her protégé, Jo Forsberg, who further developed Spolin's methods into a one-year course, which eventually became The Players Workshop, the first official school of improvisation in the USA.

By the mid 1970s, Sweden experienced a recession that struck especially hard on the industrial sector ; shipyards and manufacturing industries were hard hit, which led to high unemployment in many cities of Scania.

By mid July, the team found themselves only 10 games out of the division lead.

By mid July, North Korean troops overwhelmed the South Korean and allied American units defending South Korea and forced them back to a defensive perimeter in south-east South Korean known as the Pusan Perimeter.

By the mid to late-1970s some parts of the capitalist world, including South Korea, were creating new industries based around computers, electronics, and other advanced technology in contrast to North Korea's Stalinist economy of mining and steel production.

By mid July they had Somoza and the National Guard isolated in Managua.

By the mid 19th century, the industrial revolution had transformed England and had begun in France.

By late afternoon the train inched into the marshaling yards in the railhead at Lublin, which was filled with lines of cars poised to pour the tools of war to the Russian front.

By the time Felix turned up it was early afternoon, which, one would think, would be late enough so that by then, except for small children and a few hardy souls who had not yet sobered up, it could have been expected that people would no longer be having any sort of active interest in the previous night's noisemakers and paper hats.

By the afternoon of 20 December Vitellius was dead, his armies having been defeated by the Flavian legions.

By early afternoon, the feature was captured and was then held against a series of Axis counter-attacks throughout the day.

By late afternoon Bexar was occupied by about 1500 Mexican troops, who quickly raised a blood-red flag signifying no quarter.

By afternoon, both sides had suffered about 10, 000 casualties, and the French army was too battered to continue resisting.

By late afternoon, the French army had not succeeded in driving Wellington's forces from the escarpment on which they stood.

Aerial view of Omaha showing the draws, left to right ; Vierville ( D-1 ), Les Moulins ( D-3 ), St. Laurent ( E-1 ), Colleville ( E-3 ) and " Number 5 Draw " ( F-1 ). By early afternoon, the strong-point guarding the D-1 draw at Vierville was silenced by the navy.

By the early afternoon, a ' broad breach ' existed north of the river.

By early afternoon of 4 August, Washington time, Herrick had reported to the Commander in Chief Pacific in Honolulu that " freak weather effects " on the ship ’ s radar had made such an attack questionable.

By this point, the network was split into three programming blocks: Playhouse Disney, comprising shows aimed at preschoolers ; Vault Disney, featuring classic Disney material such as Zorro, The Mickey Mouse Club, the Walt Disney anthology television series, older television specials and features such as The Love Bug ; and the most distinct one, running from afternoon to late evening for teenagers, called Zoog Disney ( which was introduced in August 1998, shortly after the Toon Disney cable channel was launched ), that used anthropomorphic robot-like characters with human voices called " Zoogs " as its hosts.

By coincidence, the news of her death broke on early Saturday afternoon ( Eastern Daylight Time ), while Steve Martin was rehearsing as the guest host for that night's season finale of Saturday Night Live.

By the afternoon of the run, Enid's population was estimated at 12, 000 people located in the Enid's town plat.

By Monday afternoon, December 23, upon approval by the War Department, State Department and the President of the United States, an agreement was reached to provide China the 100 P-40B Tomahawk aircraft The 100 P-40 aircraft were crated and sent to Burma on third country freighters during spring 1941.

By afternoon, The Rough Riders were given the command to begin marching towards Las Guasimas, to eliminate opposition and secure the area which stood in the path of further military advance.

During the afternoon of December 23, after he had learned of the position of the British encampment, Andrew Jackson reportedly said, " By the Eternal they shall not sleep on our soil.

By 1928, Cadman had a weekly Sunday afternoon radio broadcast on the NBC radio network, his powerful oratory reaching a nationwide audience of five million persons.

By the end of the afternoon, three more badly-damaged British ships ran aground, including the Elephant.

By late afternoon the French army had not succeeded in driving Wellington ’ s allied forces from the escarpment on which they stood.

By one in the afternoon the attack had developed to the point of an assault on the palisade at Denain.

By early afternoon artillery of the Imperial Guard had arrived and allowed Gérard to silence Württemberg ’ s batteries and bombard the village.

By the time all of the forces were formed up it was late afternoon and the Jacobites had the sun in their eyes, so they simply waited for sunset under the desultory fire from Mackay's forces.

By late afternoon the French army had not succeeded in driving Wellington ’ s forces from the escarpment on which they stood.

By the afternoon of November 6, Colonel de Castro signed the Act of Capitulation, thus ending Spanish rule in Negros Occidental.