By introducing several MeCAT labels to a biomolecule and further optimization of LC-ICP-MS detection limits in the zeptomol range are within the realm of possibility.

By convention, the standard form of an optimization problem is stated in terms of minimization.

By comparison, bronze is principally an alloy of copper and tin.

By combining copper with tin and / or arsenic in the right proportions one obtains bronze, an alloy which is significantly harder than copper.

By adjusting the flow of the electrical charge, this alloy can reshape and mold itself into any form.

By this time, specialty wheels of magnesium or aluminum alloy had come onto the market, and wheel covers were a cheap means of imitating the styling of those.

* New Computational Method Developed By Carnegie Mellon University Physicist Could Speed Design and Testing of Metallic Glass ( 2004 ) ( the alloy database developed by Marek Mihalkovic, Michael Widom, and others )

By combining samarium and gadolinium in the alloy, the temperature coefficient can be reduced to nearly zero.

By weight this magnet alloy will typically contain 36 % samarium with the balance cobalt.

By combining samarium and gadolinium in the alloy, the temperature coefficient can be reduced to nearly zero.

By weight, the alloy will generally contain 25 % of samarium.

By adding silicon to the piston's alloy, the piston expansion was dramatically reduced.

By 1906, he was studying music full-time ; by 1907, he began composition lessons.

" By contrast, the composition from the Byzantine point of view portrays Constantine Palaeologus as a brave leader who gave his life for the cause.

By the eighteenth century, Chianti was widely recognized as a red wine, but the exact composition and grape varieties used to make Chianti at this point is unknown.

By far the most celebrated composition of Allegri is the Miserere mei, Deus, a setting of Vulgate Psalm 50 (= Psalm 51 ).

By what process of consciousness could he distinguish between such composition and such reminiscence?

By this theorem, once a star's chemical composition and its position on the main sequence is known, so too is the star's mass and radius.

By the late 18th century European influences in painting were clear, with the introduction of oils, perspective, figurative paintings, use of anatomy and composition.

By studying their abundances in open cluster stars, variables such as age and chemical composition are fixed.

By finding the primitive magma composition of a magma series it is possible to model the composition of the mantle from which a melt was formed, which is important in understanding evolution of the mantle.

By October 1857, Wagner had begun the composition sketch of the first Act.

By studying the interactions of homogeneous substances in contact, i. e., bodies, being in composition part solid, part liquid, and part vapor, and by using a three-dimensional volume-entropy-internal energy graph, Gibbs was able to determine three states of equilibrium, i. e., " necessarily stable ", " neutral ", and " unstable ", and whether or not changes will ensue.

By combining more than two lenses of different composition, the degree of correction can be further increased, as seen in an apochromatic lens or apochromat.

By the time he was a teenager, Orff was writing songs, although he had not studied harmony or composition ; his mother helped him set down his first works in musical notation.

By comparing astronomical observations with laboratory measurements, astrochemists can infer the elemental abundances, chemical composition, and temperatures of stars and interstellar clouds.

By the 19th century it was rarely used for literary composition.

By using the physical properties of the ray an image can be developed which displays areas of different density and composition.

By 1934, he had a major record hit with his own novelty composition, " Inka Dinka Doo ," the lyrics of which were written by Ben Ryan to music that Durante himself composed.

By the end of 1874, Smetana had become completely deaf but, freed from his theatre duties and the related controversies, he began a period of sustained composition that continued for almost the rest of his life.

By real composition:

By and large, however, Anglo-Saxon poetry is categorised by the manuscripts in which it survives, rather than its date of composition.

By ensuring that Communists dominated the candidate lists, it effectively predetermined the composition of the legislature.

By composition, this sugar is about 90 % sucrose, the remainder consisting of variable amounts of glucose and fructose.

By analyzing the composition and the atomic structure of crystals grown without the dominating influence of gravity, scientists will gain insight into correlations between fluid flows during solidification and the defects in a crystal.

By the mid late 18th century developments in cheaper zinc distillation such as John-Jaques Dony's horizontal furnaces in Belgium and the reduction of tariffs on zinc as well as demand for corrosion resistant high zinc alloys increased the popularity of speltering and as a result cementation was largely abandoned by the mid 19th century.

By a process known as self-attribution, it has been shown in numerous studies that individuals with knowledge of astrology tend to describe their personality in terms of traits compatible with their star sign.

By the Roman period brass was being deliberately produced from metallic copper and zinc minerals using the cementation process and variations on this method continued until the mid 19th century.

By evaluating “ buy signals ,” marketers can see which prospects are most likely to transact and also identify those who are bogged down in a sales process and need assistance.

By the time Gorbachev ushered in the process that would lead to the dismantling of the Soviet administrative command economy through his programs of glasnost ( political openness ), uskoreniye ( speed-up of economic development ) and perestroika ( political and economic restructuring ) announced in 1986, the Soviet economy suffered from both hidden inflation and pervasive supply shortages aggravated by an increasingly open black market that undermined the official economy.

By now the reader will have guessed that this process can be iterated.

By the late 1970s, these had achieved only mixed results due to flaws in the planning process as well as inadequate funding and a shortage of the skilled managers and technicians needed for implementation.

By 2005 the process was being used for products ranging from orange juice to guacamole to deli meats and widely sold.

By 2006, such was the confusion from these multiple Acts, each amending the others ( and not all of which were ever actually commenced and thus were in the public record but not enforced as actual legislation ); and the amendments of Irish firearms legislation by other Acts ranging from the Wildlife Acts ( mostly relating to hunting law ) to the Road Traffic Acts ( relating to how and where firearms could be transported ) and others ; the large amount of secondary legislation ( Statutory Instruments, which set out regulations, the design of application forms for licences and so forth, as well as the details of when various parts of the Acts came into force ); as well as the introduction of EU firearms law into the canon of Irish legislation ; led the Irish Law Reform Commission to recommend that all the extant legislation be restated a legal process by which all the existing primary and secondary legislation would be read as one and a single document produced as the new Firearms Act ( and all prior Acts would be repealed ).

By varying the number of particles added for heterogeneous nucleation and the rate of cooling in a hot-dip process, the spangle can be adjusted from an apparently uniform surface ( crystallites too small to see with the naked eye ) to grains several centimetres wide.

By this process of " looping " or " somersaulting ", a hydra can move several inches ( c. 100 mm ) in a day.

By the reign of King James I & VI, the process was completed with the plantation of the last remaining princely domains in the province of Ulster.

* Active Method – By practicing internal and external austerities ( penances or tapas ) so as to accelerate the ripening process as well as reducing the effects produced.

By the 1830s, the aquatint process was largely superseded by lithography.

By 1993 the Aral Sea had lost an estimated 60 % of its volume, in the process breaking into three unconnected segments.

Déjacque wrote that: ‘ By government I understand all delegation, all power outside the people ,’ for which must be substituted, in a process whereby politics is transcended, the ‘ people in direct possession of their sovereignty ,’ or the ‘ organised commune .’ For Déjacque, the communist anarchist utopia would fulfil the function of inciting each proletarian to explore his or her own human potentialities, in addition to correcting the ignorance of the proletarians concerning ‘ social science .’"

By 1993, U. S. aid to Mozambique was prominent, due in part to significant emergency food assistance in the wake of the 1991-93 southern African drought, but more importantly in support of the peace and reconciliation process.

By the late 1960s however, postminimalism, process art and Arte Povera also emerged as revolutionary concepts and movements that encompassed both painting and sculpture, via lyrical abstraction and the postminimalist movement, and in early conceptual art.

By a process of folk etymology, the Romans could have confused the phones of her foreign name with those of the root men-in Latin words such as mens meaning " mind ", perhaps because one of her aspects as goddess pertained to the intellectual.

By the end of the process, input signals representing " points of light " have been transformed into a neural representation of objects in the surrounding world and their properties.

By the mid-16th century, the electoral process had evolved into its present form, allowing for variation in the time between the death of the pope and the meeting of the cardinal electors.

By 1840, Talbot had invented the calotype process, which creates negative images.

By 1890, record manufacturers had begun using a rudimentary duplication process to mass-produce their product.

By analogy the same term is used in politics and public affairs to refer to the informal process by which statements, designed to refute or negate specific arguments put forward by opponents, are deployed in the media.

The actual process of change from one life to the next is called punarbhava ( Sanskrit ) or punabbhava ( Pāli ), literally " becoming again ", or more briefly bhava, " becoming ", and some English-speaking Buddhists prefer the term " rebirth " or " re-becoming " to render this term as they take " reincarnation " to imply a fixed entity that is reborn .< ref >" Reincarnation in Buddhism: What the Buddha Didn't Teach " By Barbara O ' Brien, About. com < sup > Popular Jain cosmology and Buddhist cosmology as well as a number of schools of Hinduism posit rebirth in many worlds and in varied forms.