By the end of the 15th century, the discovery of a sea route from Europe to the Far East ended the need for an overland trade route through Syria.

By trading with Muslim states, Venice came to monopolise the spice trade in Europe between 1200 and 1500, through its dominance over Mediterranean seaways to ports such as Alexandria, after traditional overland connections were disrupted by Mongols and Turks.

By 1814 several overland groups of the land components of the Astor Expedition of 1810 – 1812 would have passed by and explored the vicinity of the rapids.

By following the Ogoue River upstream and proceeding overland to the Lefini River and then downstream, Brazza succeeded in reaching the Congo River in 1880 without encroaching on Portuguese claims.

By mid-7th century AD the rise of Islam closed off the overland caravan routes through Egypt and the Suez, and sundered the European trade community from Axum and India.

By 1856 the Otago Provincial Council had recognised that if development was to succeed a ferry had to be established at the falls to enable a direct overland transport between Dunedin and Invercargill.

By early May, replacement French siege artillery had arrived overland and a breach was forced in the defences.

By the 18th century, European influence on trade and new national boundaries severely restricted the movement of traders along all land routes between Europe and China, and overland trade between East Asia and Europe virtually disappeared.

By 1841, the first overland party of American settlers reached California along what became the California Trail, and by the mid-1840s significant numbers of Americans were arriving in California.

By early May, replacement French siege artillery had arrived overland and a breach was forced in the defences.

By 21 August, Ross had reached Nottingham, and Commodore Joshua Barney was forced to destroy the gunboats and other sailing craft of the Chesapeake Bay Flotilla the next day, and retreat overland towards Washington.

By the start of the 1870s an overland route from New Westminster was finally built-the Yale Road, formally the Grand Trunk Road and known today as Old Yale Road, which is still extant in sections from Surrey through Abbotsford and Chilliwack ( though no longer entirely a continuous " highway ").

By the time the entire 2nd Battalion emerged from the jungle, the 32nd Division's 1 / 126th, the 128th which had been flown overland to Wanigela, and the Australian 2 / 10th Battalion had already engaged the Japanese.

By the time the tube was dark, most of the electrons could travel in straight lines from the cathode to the anode end of the tube without a collision.

By local coordinates is meant a set of coordinates that travel with the particle,

By the 1530s, cimarrón bands had become so numerous that in rural areas the Spaniards could only safely travel outside their plantations in large armed groups.

By 1976, however, he had sorted out the international travel problems, and went to Gabon instead, inspired by the book Trader Horn.

By particles, Feynman meant objects which travel along paths, elementary particles in a field theory.

* Robert A. Heinlein's By His Bootstraps ( 1941 ) features a plot in which a man interacts with different older versions of himself that travel by way of a " Time Gate ", with all the interactions revisited later in the story from the perspective of the now-older man, everything being tied together in a completely self-consistent way.

By the late 18th century Lyme Regis had become a popular seaside resort, especially after 1792 when the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars made travel to the European mainland dangerous for the English gentry, and increasing numbers of wealthy and middle class tourists were arriving there.

By this channel one can travel through a protected passage almost the entire route from Stavanger to North Cape, Norway.

By the 24th century, transporter travel was very reliable and " the safest way to travel ", according to dialogue in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode " Realm of Fear ".

By doing so, he minimized the number who would have to travel to Ephesus.

By 1939, it took no more than a month by ship to travel from Marseille to Saigon and around five days by airplane from Paris to Saigon.

By the mid-24th century, the Enterprise-D could travel at warp 9. 8 at " extreme risk ", while normal maximum operating speed was warp 9. 6 and maximum rated cruise was warp 9. 2.

" By His Bootstraps " is a science fiction short story by Robert A. Heinlein that plays with some of the inherent paradoxes that would be caused by time travel.

By 1869, Leonowens was in New York, where she opened a school for girls for a brief period on Staten Island, and began contributing travel articles to a Boston journal, Atlantic Monthly, including " The Favorite of the Harem ", reviewed by the New York Times as " an Eastern love story, having apparently a strong basis of truth ".

By 1926 he had his first exhibition in the United States at the Reinhardt gallery of New York which included about 100 works, although he did not travel to the opening.

Descriptions of how the Chronosphere and the time travel mechanisms work were revealed in the early episodes, and in episodes where Russian time travelers or spies attempt to steal Element-115 or the secrets of the Backstep Project ( for example, in Season 3, Episode 21 – " Born in the USSR " and in Season 1, Episode 9 – " As Time Goes By ").

The Chronosphere has its own power source for navigation and avionics, but it doesn't produce the time displacement field for time travel ( explained in Season 1, Episode 9 – " As Time Goes By ").

In two episodes ( Season 1, Episode 9 – " As Time Goes By " and Season 3, Episode 21 – " Born in the USSR "), it was shown that the Russians had their own time travel projects.

By far the shortest line on the London Underground, at, it takes only four minutes to travel from end to end.

By the time his party crossed the Sangre de Cristo Range via Mosca Pass, they had already experienced days of bitter cold, blinding snow and difficult travel.

By the 1970's, many parts of Breathitt county had roads where a car could travel up and down a mountain hollow or valley side.

By the 1950s, both of these forms of transportation had dramatically declined as highway construction was subsidized by the federal government and the private car became the primary means of travel.

By 1890, Pipestone had train service on four different rail lines and had become a travel and business center hub for southwestern Minnesota.

By this time she had learned that it was futile to argue with her young husband, yet the uncomfortable fact remained: the American Congregationalists were sending them as missionaries to the Far East and paying their salaries.

By this time word had got around that an American doctor was on the premises.

By limiting American strength too much to nuclear strength, this country limited its ability to fight any kind of war besides a nuclear war.

By maintaining the nuclear deterrent, but gearing American military forces to fight conventional wars too, Secretary of State Rusk junks bluff and nuclear brinkmanship and builds more muscle and greater safety into our military position.

By dealing with common landscape in an uncommon way, Roy Mason has found a particular niche in American landscape art.

By way of explanation we ourselves are prone to imagine that this achievement stems from the same American Catholic zeal and generosity which brought the parochial school system into existence.

By 1865, following the American Civil War, stocks in small industrial companies, such as iron and steel, textiles and chemicals were first sold by curbstone brokers.

By the time of the cancellation, Nintendo's NES dominated the North American market, controlling 80 % while Atari Corp. controlled just 12 %.

By 1970, LAFTA expanded to include four more Latin American nations: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela.

By 1938, the Daily Advertiser had changed to the Daily Record, and The American had become the Sunday Advertiser.

By the summer of 1944, victories in the Southwest and Central Pacific had brought the war closer to Japan, with American bombers able to strike at the Japanese main islands from air bases secured during the Mariana Islands campaign ( June — August 1944 ).

By the mid 20th century, with the growing market for rare coins, the Sheldon system was adopted by the American Numismatic Association and most coin professionals in the North America.

The 1523 " Turin map " of the islands was the first to refer to them as Los Lagartos, meaning alligators or large lizards, By 1530 they were known as the Caymanes after the Carib word caimán for the marine crocodile, either the American or the Cuban crocodile, Crocodylus acutus or C. rhombifer, which also lived there.

By the middle of the decade, some of the 1950s generation of American comedians, such as Jerry Lewis, went into decline, while Peter Sellers found success with international audiences in his first American film The Pink Panther.

By the American Revolution, most residents lived near the Common and Harvard College, with farms and estates comprising most of the town.

By the 1980s, several independent publishers, such as Pacific, Eclipse, First, Comico, and Fantagraphics had started releasing a wide range of styles and formats — from color superhero, detective, and science fiction comic books to black-and-white magazine-format stories of Latin American magical realism.

By the late 1950s a wave of Japanese machines forced most North American typewriter companies to cease business, but Tramiel instead turned to adding machines.

By 1 July 1933 there were 1, 463 working camps with 250, 000 junior enrollees ( 18 – 25 years of age ), 28, 000 veterans, 14, 000 American Indians, and 25, 000 Locally Enrolled ( or Experienced ) Men ( LEM ).

By now the group had become a de-facto political force, pitting itself against rising elements of American social and political life such as the religious right, Ronald Reagan and the idle rich.

By the late 1920s, Al Capone and the Mob were inspiring not only fear, but piquing mainstream curiosity about the American underworld.

By 1968, the number of dance clubs started to decline ; most American clubs either closed or were transformed into clubs featuring live bands.

By the end of 2000, many European and American business companies offered their services through the World Wide Web.

Despite the revivalists ' various political views and different opinions regarding the nature of authentic folk music, they all shared an understanding of Americanism that grounded the nation's identity in cultural pluralism and political democracy " By the end of the 1930s they along with the musicians and others had turned American folk music into a social movement.

By 1912 and 1913, there are beginning to be many films from many American companies that rely on applying novel decoration to the story, rather than supplying any twists to the drama itself to sustain interest.