By the 1790s, however, most joined one of the two new parties, and by the 1830s parties had become accepted as central to the democracy.

By the 1790s, the First Party System was born.

By the 1790s most of the viable stocks of mahogany in Jamaica had been cut, and the market was divided between two principal sources or types of mahogany.

By contrast, the French army peaked in size in the 1790s with 1. 5 million Frenchmen enlisted.

By the early and mid 1790s, Red Banks had a tavern and residents included several European-American families, as well as the Cherokee.

By 1950, Bridgeton's population was 276, lower than it had been in the late 1790s and early 19th century.

By the late 1790s, there were several commercial brickyards, and kilns could be built with little difficulty.

By the 1780s and 1790s visitors were beginning to progress as far as Chepstow, where an attractive female guide escorted tourists around the ruins as part of the popular Wye Tour.

By the 1790s there was a reaction against these stereotypical compositions ; a number of thinkers began to promote the idea of picturesque gardens.

By the 1790s there were about 13, 000 men making up the Swiss contingent in a total Spanish army of 137, 000.

By the late 1790s, the Quasi-War with France prompted a national program of harbor fortifications and in February 1800, the island was conveyed to the federal government which undertook the reconstruction of Fort Jay and new construction of Castle Williams and South or Half Moon Battery.

By the mid 1790s the society had around 3, 000 members, which was then more than the entire electorate of Scotland.

By the 1790s most of the Lords personified and wanted to protect the " Protestant Ascendancy ".

By the end of the 1790s, leaders of the emerging Republican Party regularly assaulted the " monied gentry " and their improvement plans as visionary and extravagant, and gradually eroded public confidence in government action and authority.

The sense that Locke ’ s philosophy had been misappropriated increasingly turned to a conviction that it was erroneous .” By the 1790s Locke was associated with Rousseau and Voltaire and being blamed for the American and French Revolutions as well as for the perceived secularization of society.

By the 1790s, settlers began to arrive from the Carolinas and proceeded to set up cotton plantations.

By the 1790s the trail that Boone and his men built was widened to accommodate wagon traffic.

By the time of the industrial revolution the burn was a recognised source of power, with the first mill being established in the 1790s.

By the 1790s, the Manor of Horncastle was leased by Sir Joseph Banks, a man of both local and national standing, with a keen interest in agriculture and trade.

By the 1820s, Cape Breton Island was re-merged into Nova Scotia to free up that island's lucrative coal resource royalties, however the remaining two colonies of Prince Edward Island ( renamed as such from St. John's Island in the 1790s ) and New Brunswick maintained their colonial autonomy.

By the 1790s the colony ’ s indigo was bringing in $ 180, 000 annually.

By negating all of Grattan's efforts 1787-1789 and those of Pitt in the late 1790s to 1801, FitzGibbon allowed conditions to develop that would benefit sectarian leaders and political philosophies from both religious communities.

By the early 1790s Menard had established a solid trading business of his own ; his Kaskaskia business ledgers, beginning in the spring of 1791.

By the 1960s the school was building a vast publishing and research network reaching across France, Europe, and the rest of the world.

By the early 1990s, commercial flights connected Comoros with France, Mauritius, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, and Madagascar.

By 1653, both France and Spain had recognised England's new government.

By 1632, Acadia was returned from Scotland to France under the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and the Port Royale settlement was moved to the site of nearby present-day Annapolis Royal.

By 1898 Georges Méliès was the largest producer of fiction films in France, and from this point onwards his output was almost entirely films featuring trick effects, which were very successful in all markets.

By 1909 after the failure of a syndicalist general strike in France, Sorel and his supporters left the radical left and went to the radical right, where they sought to merge militant Catholicism and French patriotism with their views-advocating anti-republican Christian French patriots as ideal revolutionaries.

By late July, the spirit of popular sovereignty had spread throughout France.

By the Treaty of Campo Formio, he ceded the left bank of the Rhine to France in exchange for Venice and Dalmatia.

By the beginning of the Civil War, Austria-Hungary, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland had recognized Finnish independence.

By 1798, relations with France had deteriorated to the point that war seemed imminent, and on July 4, 1798, President Adams offered Washington a commission as lieutenant general and Commander-in-chief of the armies raised or to be raised for service in a prospective war.

By the 18th century, the term had gained its now common usage in France, and had begun to be used to refer purely to books of magic, which Owen Davies presumed was because " many of them continued to circulate in Latin manuscripts.

By this time, however, trade with the European continent had spread this outbreak of plague to France, where it died out the following winter.

By the Treaty of Paris of 1814 Sweden ceded Guadeloupe once more to France.

By provoking Britain, France, the Netherlands and the Empire to form the Quadruple Alliance, his hasty and ambitious plans brought a flood of disaster to Spain, for which Alberoni was held responsible.

By the 18th century, however, Geneva had come under the influence of Catholic France, which cultivated the city elite, who tended to be at odds with the ordinary townsfolk – to the point that an abortive revolution took place in 1782.

By 1880, Germany had 9, 400 locomotives pulling 43, 000 passengers and 30, 000 tons of freight a day, and forged ahead of France.

By late 1944, the United States, Canada, France, and Great Britain were closing in on Germany in the West, while the Soviets were closing from the East.

By these means he consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France that endured until the French Revolution.

* Sessions, Jennifer E. By Sword and Plow: France and the Conquest of Algeria ( Cornell University Press ; 2011 ) 352 pages

By comparison, this proportion reached only 17 per cent in Wallonia, barely 10 per cent in most West European countries, 16 per cent in France and 25 per cent in England.

By 1880, Germany had 9, 400 locomotives pulling 43, 000 passengers and 30, 000 tons of freight, and pulled ahead of France

By the beginning of 1429, nearly all of northern France and some parts of the southwest were under foreign control.

By January 1944, Germany had diplomatic relations with only a handful of countries: Argentina, Ireland, Vichy France, the Salo Republic in Italy, Occupied Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Croatia, Bulgaria, Switzerland, the Holy See, Spain, Portugal, Turkey, Thailand, Japan, and the Japanese puppet states of Manchukuo and the Wang Jingwei regime in China.

By 1913 the French and British had plans in place for joint naval action against Germany, and France moved its Atlantic fleet from Brest to Toulon, replacing British ships.

By 1750 ninety pastors had been sent back to France to work clandestinely ; this number would rise to four hundred.