By the 1830s mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology had emerged with world class science, led by Alexander von Humboldt ( 1769 – 1859 ) in natural science and Carl Friedrich Gauss ( 1777 – 1855 ) in mathematics.

By the 1830s, the aquatint process was largely superseded by lithography.

By the 1830s the Westminster system of government ( or cabinet government ) had emerged ; the Prime Minister had become " primus inter pares " or the first among equals in the Cabinet and the head of government in the United Kingdom.

By the 1790s, however, most joined one of the two new parties, and by the 1830s parties had become accepted as central to the democracy.

By the 1820s and 1830s, well-known liberals like Thomas Wakley and other radical editors of The Lancet were using Paley's aging examples to attack the establishment's control over medical and scientific education in Durham, London, Oxford and Cambridge.

By the 1830s, the foundations of Czech literature were laid and authors now began to focus more on the artistic merits of their work and less on developing the idea of Czech literature and culture as a whole.

By the 1830s, railroads on several continents were carrying containers that could be transferred to other modes of transport.

By the 1830s piracy had died out again, and the navies of the region focused on the slave trade.

By 2002, the royal tour and associated fêtes for the Queen's Golden Jubilee proved popular with Canadians across the country, though Canada's first republican organization since the 1830s was also founded that year.

By the late 1830s Clay County had grown to the extent that the first Courthouse could no longer provide adequate facilities.

By the 1830s, large areas of Bermuda had been denuded by the shipbuilding industry.

By the 1830s most of the Native Americans were displaced by white settlers.

By the 1830s Demopolis had developed into a regional commercial river hub, attracting American and European-born craftsmen and merchants including the Beysiegle, Breitling, Breton, Dupertuis, Foster, Hummell, Kirker, Knapp, Marx, Michael, Mulligan, Oberling, Rhodes, Rudisill, Rosenbaum, Schmidt, Shahan, Stallings, and Zaiser families.

By the 1830s, this settlement numbered about 200, and was the birthplace of the chief Coacoochee ( known in English as " Wild Cat ").

By the 1830s, Bayou Teche was the main street of Acadiana, with one plantation after another.

By the 1830s, the Native Americans had been moved west, and Richland was a thriving frontier village.

By the mid 1830s, the settlement boasted saw mills, a grist mill, a cotton mill and a quarry as well as a dock to facilitate commerce.

By the 1830s the village contained only eight dwellings.

By the 1830s the Muskingum Valley had long been settled, and local leaders created a plan to improve the Muskingum River for use as a source of power.

By the time a post office was established in the 1830s, the community had taken the name of " Crossville.

By the 1830s mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology had emerged with world class science, led by Alexander von Humboldt ( 1769 – 1859 ) in natural science and Carl Friedrich Gauss ( 1777 – 1855 ) in mathematics.

By the 1830s migrating Boers came into conflict with the Zulu Kingdom then ruled by Dingane.

By the early 1830s his paper had earned the nickname " The Thunderer ", with Robert Peel declaring it to be " a powerful advocate of Reform " and his colleague Lord Lyndhurst describing Barnes as " the most powerful man in the country.

By the 1830s, Banks Peninsula had become a European whaling centre – to the detriment of the Māori, who succumbed in large numbers to disease and inter-tribal warfare exacerbated by the use of muskets.

By the early 1960s, most of East and Central Africa, where the majority of the Ismāʿīlī population on the continent resided including Tanganyika, Kenya, Uganda, Malagasy, Rwanda, Burundi and Zaire, had attained their political independence.

By that time, the majority of black people were U. S .- born, so use of the term " African " became problematic.

By 1921 he was the majority owner, maintaining that status into the 1930s.

By 1960, the vast majority of country-states were nominally democracies, although most of the world's populations lived in nations that experienced sham elections, and other forms of subterfuge ( particularly in Communist nations and the former colonies.

By nature of their general training they can carry out the majority of dental treatments such as restorative ( fillings, crowns, bridges ), prosthetic ( dentures ), endodontic ( root canal ) therapy, periodontal ( gum ) therapy, and exodontia ( extraction of teeth ), as well as performing examinations, radiographs ( x-rays ) and diagnosis.

By the 1990s the majority of deforestation was caused by industrial factors, including extractive industries, large-scale cattle ranching, and extensive agriculture.

By the late 1990s, however, the focus had shifted to health care fraud, which now accounts for the majority of cases filed by whistleblowers and by the government.

By mid-December to early January, the majority are usually found between Monterey and San Diego, often visible from shore.

By November, when Leclerc died of yellow fever, 24 000 French soldiers were dead and 8, 000 were hospitalized, the majority from disease.

By contrast it was continually read and taught in the Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire where the majority of the classics also survived.

By the 6th century the majority of the modern county was part of the East Saxon kingdom.

By the mid-19th century, English was the majority language spoken in the country.

By 1990 Japan's interaction with the vast majority of Asia-Pacific countries, especially its burgeoning economic exchanges, was multifaceted and increasingly important to the recipient countries.

By December 1996 the Conservatives had lost their majority in the House of Commons.

By 1547, opposition to Calvin and other French refugee ministers had grown to constitute the majority of the syndics, the civil magistrates of Geneva.

By then, many of the French refugees had been granted citizenship and with their support, Calvin's partisans elected the majority of the syndics and the councillors.

By the 1960s the majority of instructors at the university had degrees from Western universities.

By the fifth to 4th centuries BC, the island had grown to an estimated population of over 120, 000 ( two to three times the estimated population in 2005 ), and based on the huge necropoli at the main city of Chios, the asty, it is thought the majority lived in that area.

By January 1970, Zambia had acquired majority holding in the Zambian operations of the two major foreign mining interests, the Anglo American Corporation and the Rhodesia Selection Trust ( RST ); the two became the Nchanga Consolidated Copper Mines ( NCCM ) and Roan Consolidated Mines ( RCM ), respectively.

By 1960, Muslims were thought to constitute a majority of the population, which contributed to Muslim unrest regarding the political system.

By what he was able to do defensively and on the bases, Royce deserved to play the majority of the games.

By the late 20th century the majority of the world's countries had a prime minister or equivalent minister, holding office under either a constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president.

By 1908, a majority of the public demanded double-sided disc recordings, and cylinders fell into disfavor.

By convention, the party or political grouping which has majority support in the House of Assembly will nominate its leader to be Premier.