By the 1860s, there were around 5, 000 residents, and the population grew to around 10, 000 by the late 1880s.

By the early 1860s, the relationship between the imperial court and the Shogunate was changing radically.

By the 1860s, the supply of timber was exhausted.

By the 1860s it was apparent that wood sourced from some condemned slave ships ( possibly a Brazilian ship ) from the 1840s were infested by termites (“ white ants ”).

By the 1860s, Syrah was established as an important variety in Australia.

By the end of the 1860s, the black baseball mecca was Philadelphia, which had an African-American population of 22, 000.

By the 1860s, butter had become so in demand in France that Emperor Napoleon III offered prize money for an inexpensive substitute to supplement France's inadequate butter supplies.

By the 1860s, Steinway had built a new factory at Park Avenue and 53rd Street, the present site of the Seagram Building, where it covered a whole block.

By the 1860s top artists in the west were illustrating for children, including Crane, Randolph Caldecott, Kate Greenaway and John Tenniel.

By the 1860s the towns of Harmony, Knightsville, and Brazil were growing rapidly, due in part to their location along the National Road, and also because of the many coal companies in that section of the county.

By the 1860s the suburb of Southsea had grown along Clarendon Road as far as Granada Road.

By the 1860s, this figure had risen to three million.

By the late 1860s, Degas had shifted from his initial forays into history painting to an original observation of contemporary life.

By the late 1860s, breech-loading metallic cartridges had made the percussion cap system obsolete.

By the 1860s there were a number of substantial villas along the Edgware Road starting with Rockhall Lodge and culminating in Rockhall Terrace.

By the 1860s, London fell prey to epidemics of fever.

By the 1860s the island was being used by sea cucumber fishermen who found that the waters contained substantial quantities of the creature which was a popular delicacy in Asia.

By the 1860s, Fort Payne and the surrounding area were still sparsely settled.

By the time the Mountain Men began to arrive in the late 1820s and settlers began to arrive again in the 1860s the people of the Cornville area were a mixed community of Apache ( Dil-ze ' e ) and Yavapai ( Wipukepaya ), though the Apache are thought to have been more numerous on the east side of the Verde River.

By the 1860s the gold started to run out and the town's population and importance diminished.

By the end of the 1860s the bandit gangs were gone, and Italian settlers arrived.

By the 1860s he was propounding an ideal society called Pantarchy, and from this he moved on to a philosophy he called " universology ", which stressed the unity of all knowledge and activities.

By the 1860s, tolls were no longer being charged to cross the Washington and Central Bridges, giving further stimulus to the growth of Watchemoket and the transformation of the village from a sleepy fishing area to the vital core of East Providence in 1862.

By the end of the next decade, the 1860s, Grantsville had become a largely self-sufficient oasis of orchards and shade trees at the edge of the Territory's western deserts.

By late afternoon the train inched into the marshaling yards in the railhead at Lublin, which was filled with lines of cars poised to pour the tools of war to the Russian front.

By the following year their ranks had grown to include German painter, sculptor and designer Oskar Schlemmer who headed the theater workshop, and Swiss painter Paul Klee, joined in 1922 by Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky.

By 1700, it had been reprinted 15 times in Italian, and was translated in Dutch, English, French, German, Russian and Spanish.

By that time the military and strategic situation of Russia had become more difficult due of the rise of Germany and Japan, and Russian central administration and the idea of Pan-Slavism had grown in Saint Petersburg.

By some accounts, in the St. Petersburg 1914 chess tournament, the title " Grandmaster " was formally conferred by Russian Tsar Nicholas II, who had partially funded the tournament.

By the end of his life, he could converse in English, French, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, Swedish, Polish, Italian, Greek, Latin, Russian, Arabic, and Turkish as well as German.

By 1914, Hoover stood eventually to obtain what he later described as " a large fortune from these Russian industries, probably more than is good for anybody ".

By the 18th century, the Tsardom of Russia had become the huge Russian Empire, stretching from the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth eastward to the Pacific Ocean.

By then they had conquered most of the Russian principalities.

By the 16th century, the rulers of Moscow considered the entire Russian territory their collective property.

By that time his works were influenced by Natalia Goncharova and Mikhail Larionov, Russian avant-garde painters who were particularly interested in Russian folk art called lubok.

By 2007 the now-Russian force, now designated the Operational Group of Russian Forces in Moldova, under the command of the Moscow Military District had withered away to a strength of some 1500 which included the 8th Motor Rifle Brigade and a surface-to-air missile regiment.

By September 2007 the North Pole had been visited 66 times by different surface ships: 54 times by Soviet and Russian icebreakers, 4 times by Swedish Oden, 3 times by German RV Polarstern, 3 times by USCGC Healy and USCGC Polar Sea, and once by CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent and by Norwegian Vidar Viking.

By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland in Europe to Alaska in North America.

By the end of the civil war, the Russian economy and infrastructure were heavily damaged.

By the 17th century the influence of Renaissance painting resulted in Russian icons becoming slightly more realistic, while still following most of the old icon painting canons, as seen in the works of Bogdan Saltanov, Simon Ushakov, Gury Nikitin, Karp Zolotaryov and other Russian artists of the era.

By 1914 40 % of Russian workers were employed in factories of + 1, 000 workers ( 32 % in 1901 ).

By 1920 the coffins were interred in a former Russian Mission in Beijing, now beneath a parking area.

By 1927, Russian inventor Léon Theremin developed a mirror-drum-based television system which used interlacing to achieve an image resolution of 100 lines.

By 1864, additional translations had appeared in Italian and Russian.

Romania: Included in total are 177, 000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds The statistic of 250, 000 military dead is " The figure reported by the Rumanian Government in reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office Other estimates of Romanian casualties are as follows: By UK War Office in 1922: 335, 706 Killed and missing By US War Dept in 1924: 335, 706 killed and died Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 430, 000, caused by military action, food shortages, epidemics and the Spanish Flu A Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century estimated 120, 000 Romanian civilian deaths due to military activity, 10, 000 in Austro-Hungarian prisons and 200, 000 caused by famine and disease