By 325, the controversy had become significant enough that the Emperor Constantine called an assembly of bishops, the First Council of Nicaea, which condemned Arius ' doctrine and formulated the original Nicene Creed of 325.

By the middle of the 19th century, industrialisation swept away most of the city's medieval rules of production and commerce, although the entirely corrupt remains of the city's mediæval constitution was kept in place ( compare the famous remarks of Georg Forster in his Ansichten vom Niederrhein ) until 1801, when Aachen became the " chef-lieu du département de la Roer " in Napoléon's First French Empire.

By the 1980s, several independent publishers, such as Pacific, Eclipse, First, Comico, and Fantagraphics had started releasing a wide range of styles and formats — from color superhero, detective, and science fiction comic books to black-and-white magazine-format stories of Latin American magical realism.

By March 1943, the first National Conference of the Communist Party elected Hoxha formally as First Secretary.

By the beginning of the First World War in 1914, Mathers had established two to three American temples.

By the end of the 19th century, it was confined mainly to Pre-Raphaelite imitators, and it could not avoid being affected by the First World War, which damaged the reputation of chivalry and thus interest in its medieval manifestations and Arthur as chivalric role model.

By the start of the First World War, the German Imperial Navy possessed 22 pre-Dreadnoughts, 19 dreadnought battleships and 7 battlecruisers.

By the time the civil conflict ended and the government of New Granada and the government of the Isthmus had negotiated the Isthmus's reincorporation to the union, Panama's First Republic had been free for 13 months.

By the time of the First World War, the mass advertising and popularity of the Victor Talking Machine Company's Victrolas ( a line of disc-playing machines characterized by their concealed horns ) was leading to widespread generic use of the word " victrola " for any machine that played discs, which were however still called " phonograph records " or simply " records ", almost never " victrola records ".

By the autumn of 1800, the United States Navy and the Royal Navy, combined with a more conciliatory diplomatic stance by the government of First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte, had reduced the activity of the French privateers and warships.

By mid-November, the White Armies almost simultaneously became exhausted, and, in January 1920, Budenny's First Cavalry Army entered Rostov-on-Don.

By the 1790s, the First Party System was born.

By 1828, the First Party System had collapsed.

By the First Partition of Poland in 1772, Warmia was merged with the surrounding parts of East Prussia and annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia ; the properties of the Archbishopric of Warmia were secularized by the Prussian state.

By the time of the First World War their ranks had been expanded with the adoption of modern technology in the Navy to include telegraphists, electricians, shipwrights, artificer engineers, etc.

By the end of 1924, Warner Bros. was arguably the most successful independent studio in Hollywood, but it still competed with " The Big Three " Studios ( First National, Paramount Pictures, and MGM ).

By April 1927, the Big Five studios ( First National, Paramount, MGM, Universal, and Producers Distributing ) had put the Warner brothers in financial ruin, and Western Electric renewed Warner's Vitaphone contract with terms that allowed other film companies to test sound.

By the end of the year Serbia is acknowledged as a semi-independent state ; the ideals of the First Serbian Uprising have thus been temporarily achieved.

By the end of the year Serbia is acknowledged as a semi-independent state ; the ideals of the First Serbian Uprising have thus been temporarily achieved.

By this action, the First Punic War begins and will embroil Rome in a conflict with Carthage that will continue for 23 years.

By the end of the 1980s, the influence of the successful action film could be felt in almost every genre-hybrids were becoming the norm ; war-action hybrids ( like First Blood and Missing in Action ), science fiction action ( like The Terminator, and RoboCop ), horror-action ( like Aliens and Predator ), and even the occasional musical-action-comedy hybrid ( like The Blues Brothers ).

By 1790, on the political front, the First Polish Republic had deteriorated into such a helpless condition that it was successfully forced into an unnatural and ultimately deadly alliance with its enemy, Prussia.

By 14: 30, General Steinmetz, the commander of the First Army, unilaterally launched his VIII Corps across the Mance Ravine in which the Prussian infantry were soon pinned down by murderous rifle and mitrailleuse fire from the French positions.

By 12 November the First Battle of Ypres had failed ( at a cost of 160, 000 German casualties ) and was stopped on 18 November.

By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built space, and there were numerous qualified pilots available.

By this time Colangelo and the other partners were embroiled in a dispute over the financial health and direction of the Diamondbacks ( and notably including over $ 150 million in deferred compensation to many players who were key members of the 2001 World Series winning team and others ).

But By the Way was one of the few features kept continuously running in the often seriously reduced Daily Express throughout World War II, when Morton's lampooning of Hitler, including the British invention of bracerot to make the Nazi's trousers fall down at inopportune moments, was regarded as valuable for morale.

By World War II, the use of the smaller divisions, platoons and companies, became much more important as precise operations became vital.

By now, England were coached by Alf Ramsey who had managed to gain sole control of the recruitment and team selection procedure from the committee-based call-up system which had lasted up to the previous World Cup.

By the time World War I began, attempts to use anthrax were directed at animal populations.

By 1985, construction was completed and the World Financial Center saw its first tenants.

By the end of World War 2, Canadians communicated by telephone, more than any other country.

By the end of World War II, Chiang had come to believe that democracy was impossible for China to achieve.

By World War II, control theory was an important part of fire-control systems, guidance systems and electronics.

By 1991 the communist governments of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania, all of which had been imposed after World War II, were brought down as revolution swept Eastern Europe.

By World War II, only Dwight was still called " Ike ".

By the dawn of World War II, many of the European Dadaists had emigrated to the United States.

By World War II the threat had evolved once again.

By World War I drum kits were characterized by very large bold marching bass drums and many percussion items suspended on and around them, and they became a central part of jazz music, specifically ( but not limited to ) dixieland.

By the end of 2000, many European and American business companies offered their services through the World Wide Web.

By the end of World War II eugenics had been largely abandoned.

By 1905, Pathé was the largest film company in the world, a position it retained until World War I. Léon Gaumont began film production in 1896, with his production supervised by Alice Guy.

By the start of World War I the cinema in Poland was already in full swing, with numerous adaptations of major works of Polish literature screened ( notably the Dzieje grzechu, Meir Ezofowicz and Nad Niemnem.

By World War II, most fighters were all-metal monoplanes armed with batteries of machine guns or cannons and some were capable of speeds approaching 400 mph.

By the late 1930s and the 1940s, Italian Fascism completely denounced capitalism as an obsolete and oppressive system, Mussolini in 1940 at the entry of Italy into World War II, said:

By the outbreak of World War II in autumn 1939, there were six camps housing some 27, 000 inmates.

By the end of World War I Poland had seen the defeat or retreat of all three partitioning powers.