By 325, the controversy had become significant enough that the Emperor Constantine called an assembly of bishops, the First Council of Nicaea, which condemned Arius ' doctrine and formulated the original Nicene Creed of 325.

By the middle of the 19th century, industrialisation swept away most of the city's medieval rules of production and commerce, although the entirely corrupt remains of the city's mediæval constitution was kept in place ( compare the famous remarks of Georg Forster in his Ansichten vom Niederrhein ) until 1801, when Aachen became the " chef-lieu du département de la Roer " in Napoléon's First French Empire.

By the 1980s, several independent publishers, such as Pacific, Eclipse, First, Comico, and Fantagraphics had started releasing a wide range of styles and formats — from color superhero, detective, and science fiction comic books to black-and-white magazine-format stories of Latin American magical realism.

By the First World War, the Liberal Party had largely abandoned classical liberal principles.

By March 1943, the first National Conference of the Communist Party elected Hoxha formally as First Secretary.

By the beginning of the First World War in 1914, Mathers had established two to three American temples.

By the end of the 19th century, it was confined mainly to Pre-Raphaelite imitators, and it could not avoid being affected by the First World War, which damaged the reputation of chivalry and thus interest in its medieval manifestations and Arthur as chivalric role model.

By the start of the First World War, the German Imperial Navy possessed 22 pre-Dreadnoughts, 19 dreadnought battleships and 7 battlecruisers.

By the time the civil conflict ended and the government of New Granada and the government of the Isthmus had negotiated the Isthmus's reincorporation to the union, Panama's First Republic had been free for 13 months.

By the time of the First World War, the mass advertising and popularity of the Victor Talking Machine Company's Victrolas ( a line of disc-playing machines characterized by their concealed horns ) was leading to widespread generic use of the word " victrola " for any machine that played discs, which were however still called " phonograph records " or simply " records ", almost never " victrola records ".

By the autumn of 1800, the United States Navy and the Royal Navy, combined with a more conciliatory diplomatic stance by the government of First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte, had reduced the activity of the French privateers and warships.

By mid-November, the White Armies almost simultaneously became exhausted, and, in January 1920, Budenny's First Cavalry Army entered Rostov-on-Don.

By the 1790s, the First Party System was born.

By 1828, the First Party System had collapsed.

By the time of the First World War their ranks had been expanded with the adoption of modern technology in the Navy to include telegraphists, electricians, shipwrights, artificer engineers, etc.

By the end of 1924, Warner Bros. was arguably the most successful independent studio in Hollywood, but it still competed with " The Big Three " Studios ( First National, Paramount Pictures, and MGM ).

By April 1927, the Big Five studios ( First National, Paramount, MGM, Universal, and Producers Distributing ) had put the Warner brothers in financial ruin, and Western Electric renewed Warner's Vitaphone contract with terms that allowed other film companies to test sound.

By the end of the year Serbia is acknowledged as a semi-independent state ; the ideals of the First Serbian Uprising have thus been temporarily achieved.

By the end of the year Serbia is acknowledged as a semi-independent state ; the ideals of the First Serbian Uprising have thus been temporarily achieved.

By this action, the First Punic War begins and will embroil Rome in a conflict with Carthage that will continue for 23 years.

By the end of the 1980s, the influence of the successful action film could be felt in almost every genre-hybrids were becoming the norm ; war-action hybrids ( like First Blood and Missing in Action ), science fiction action ( like The Terminator, and RoboCop ), horror-action ( like Aliens and Predator ), and even the occasional musical-action-comedy hybrid ( like The Blues Brothers ).

By 1790, on the political front, the First Polish Republic had deteriorated into such a helpless condition that it was successfully forced into an unnatural and ultimately deadly alliance with its enemy, Prussia.

By 14: 30, General Steinmetz, the commander of the First Army, unilaterally launched his VIII Corps across the Mance Ravine in which the Prussian infantry were soon pinned down by murderous rifle and mitrailleuse fire from the French positions.

By 12 November the First Battle of Ypres had failed ( at a cost of 160, 000 German casualties ) and was stopped on 18 November.

By then Israel had retained its independence and increased its land area by almost 50 % compared to the 1947 UN Partition Plan.

By the time of Partition in 1947 Sindh had had a Muslim majority for centuries but there were significant minorities of Hindus throughout the province.

By the First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in 1772, the adjoining countries of Russia, Prussia and Austria annexed large swaths of Polish-Lithuanian territory and acquired influence over the internal politics of the reduced Poland and Lithuania.

By the First Partition in 1772, the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth lost about 211 000 km² ( 30 % of its territory, amounting at that time to about 733 000 km² ), with a population of over four to five million people ( about a third of its population of 14 million before the partitions ).

By 1569 the Polish – Lithuanian union grew into a new state, the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth, and lasted until the Third Partition in 1795.

By the time he finished, the First Partition of Poland had already occurred, on February 17, 1772.

By this time Churchill was not so cordial toward moving Poland westward as he had been at Teheran, where he and Eden had both heartily approved the idea.

By 1991 the communist governments of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania, all of which had been imposed after World War II, were brought down as revolution swept Eastern Europe.

By the start of World War I the cinema in Poland was already in full swing, with numerous adaptations of major works of Polish literature screened ( notably the Dzieje grzechu, Meir Ezofowicz and Nad Niemnem.

By the turn of the 19th century they became new powers, having divided Poland between them, with Sweden and Turkey having experienced substantial territorial losses to Russia and Austria respectively as well as pauperisation.

By the end of World War I Poland had seen the defeat or retreat of all three partitioning powers.

By the 1830s the majority of Jews in Ukraine, Galicia, and central Poland were Hasidic, as were substantial minorities in Belarus, Hungary and

By July 1945, Stalin's troops effectively controlled the Baltic States, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania, and refugees were fleeing out of these countries fearing a Communist take-over.

By the time Mieszko I took over from his father, the Polans ' tribal federation of Greater Poland had for some time been actively expanding.

By July, the Red Army effectively controlled the Baltic States, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania, and refugees were fleeing out of these countries fearing a Communist take-over.

By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland in Europe to Alaska in North America.

By autumn 1940, after conquering its portion of Poland, the Third Reich shared an extensive border with USSR, with whom it remained neutrally bound by their non-aggression pact and trade agreements.

By the time the war began, the number of members rose to 250, 000, and the Waffen-SS was formed in August 1940, expanding the earlier armed SS troops who had fought in Poland and France in 1939 – 40, to serve alongside the Wehrmacht, Germany's regular armed forces.

By 1944, there existed three divisions of the SS-TV, those being the staffs of the concentration camps proper in Germany and Austria, the labor camp system in occupied territories, and the guards and staffs of the extermination camps in Poland that were involved in the Holocaust.

By the end of August a Solidarity-led coalition government was formed and in December 1990 Wałęsa was elected President of Poland.

By 1931, the city had 195, 000 inhabitants, making it the fifth largest city in Poland with varied industries, such as Elektrit, a factory that produced radio receivers.

By the year 1000, Bolesław I had consolidated his position as Duke ( Dux ) of Poland.

* April 14 – By the Treaty of Krakow, Poland and Hungary recognize the independence of Moldavia.

By the time of the Union of Lublin in 1569, there was not much difference between the administrative and judicial systems in force in Lithuania and Poland.

By seizing northwestern Poland, Prussia instantly gained control over 80 % of the Commonwealth's total foreign trade.

By sheer tenacity of purpose, Bestuzhev had extricated his country from the Swedish imbroglio ; reconciled his imperial mistress with the courts of Vienna and London ; enabled Russia to assert herself effectually in Poland, Turkey and Sweden ; and isolated the King of Prussia by forcing him into hostile alliances.

By that time, Koch had been transferred to the Majdanek concentration camp in Poland, but his wife, Ilse, was still living at the Commandant's house in Buchenwald.

By the 13th century the term became the dominant name for Rus ' in Latin documents, particularly those written in Hungary, Bohemia, and Poland.

By 1311, Władysław was in power in Lesser Poland and his Kuyavian patrimony.

By 1252 the settlement was known by the names Tczew and Dirschau, and in 1258 Tczew hosted the first city council in Poland.