By the 1970s the shift was underway from the earlier economic history to cultural history and the history of mentalities.

" By 1928, Fuller was living in Greenwich Village and spending much of his time at the popular café Romany Marie's, where he had spent an evening in conversation with Marie and Eugene O ' Neill several years earlier.

By 1827, he had abandoned law and embarked on a geological career that would result in fame and the general acceptance of uniformitarianism, a working out of the idea proposed by James Hutton a few decades earlier.

By 1976 the cost of the cheapest 4-function pocket calculator had dropped to a few dollars, about one 20th of the cost five years earlier.

By contrast, a dictionary definition has additional details, typically including an etymology showing snapshots of the earlier meanings and the parent language.

By the 1st century AD, cattle and horses were used in mills, driving machines similar to those powered by humans in earlier times.

By the earlier eleventh century ælf could denote a female.

By the time You Bet Your Life debuted on TV on October 5, 1950, Groucho had grown a real mustache ( which he had already sported earlier in the films Copacabana and Love Happy ).

By 8500-7500 BC the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A ( PPNA ) culture developed out of the earlier local tradition of Natufian in Southern Palestine, dwelling in round houses, and building the first defensive site at Jericho ( guarding a valuable fresh water spring ).

By accommodating the conquered people's gods, religion became more polytheistic and government became somewhat more secular ; the title of lugal, big man, appears alongside the earlier religious titles, although his primary duty is still the worship of the state gods.

By 1997, the federal government had already cut tariffs to 22. 5 percent from 57. 5 percent ten years earlier, and by 2000 were planning to reduce this even further down to 15 percent.

By the 20th century, earlier mechanical calculators, cash registers, accounting machines, and so on were redesigned to use electric motors, with gear position as the representation for the state of a variable.

By sorting formulas according to the number of atoms of each element present in the formula according to these rules, with differences in earlier elements or numbers being treated as more significant than differences in any later element or number — like sorting text strings into lexicographical order — it is possible to collate chemical formulas into what is known as Hill system order.

By replacing the M1114, M1116, and earlier armored HMMWV types with a single model, the U. S. Army hopes to lower maintenance costs.

Robin Lane Fox states " By the early fifth century, we know of the ownership of private icons of saints ; by c. 480-500, we can be sure that the inside of a saint's shrine would be adorned with images and votive portraits, a practice which had probably begun earlier ".

By the middle of the 17th century, plays such as Robert Davenport's King John and Matilda, although based largely on the earlier Elizabethan works, were transferring the role of Protestant champion to the barons and focusing more on the tyrannical aspects of John's behaviour.

By the end of the 1980s, membership had fallen to just over 6, 000, 000 — little more than half the level of a decade earlier — and it also counted against the Labour Party's hopes of regaining power, as its relationship with the trade unions had traditionally been seen as a strength but after the Winter of Discontent it was seen as a liability.

By comparison, a re-release of Monty Python and the Holy Grail had earned $ 1. 8 million USD three years earlier.

By Euler's criterion, which had been discovered earlier and was known to Legendre, these two definitions are equivalent.

By November 1920 Theremin had given his first public concert with the instrument, now modified with a horizontal volume antenna replacing the earlier foot-operated volume control.

By this time, the pollution from burning coal and steel production created a black fog ( or smog ), which even a century earlier had induced author writer James Parton to dub the city " hell with the lid off ".

By the end of the 16th century, Italy had absorbed the northern influences, with Venice, Rome, and other cities being centers of musical activity, reversing the situation from a hundred years earlier.

By the time the war began, the number of members rose to 250, 000, and the Waffen-SS was formed in August 1940, expanding the earlier armed SS troops who had fought in Poland and France in 1939 – 40, to serve alongside the Wehrmacht, Germany's regular armed forces.

By the time Christopher Columbus passed near St. Vincent on his fourth voyage in 1502, the Caribs occupied the island after displacing the Arawaks a few centuries earlier.

By witnessing currents flowing through point-contacts, similar to what Bardeen and Brattain had accomplished earlier in December 1947, Mataré by June 1948, was able to produce consistent results by using samples of germanium produced by Welker.

By the early 20th century the Liberals stance began to shift towards " New Liberalism ", what would today be called social liberalism: a belief in personal liberty with a support for government intervention to provide minimum levels of welfare.

By the early 20th century, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia had achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire, but large parts of their ethnic populations remained under Ottoman rule.

By the mid 20th century, with the growing market for rare coins, the Sheldon system was adopted by the American Numismatic Association and most coin professionals in the North America.

By the end of the 20th century, Cambridge had one of the most expensive housing markets in the Northeastern United States.

By the turn of the 20th century, it had grown customary to abbreviate the name violoncello to ' cello, with the apostrophe indicating the six missing prefix letters.

By the early 20th century, with the lumber depleted, the timber industry was in decline.

By the early 20th century, infantry weapons had become more powerful, forcing most artillery away from the front lines.

By the late 20th century the recognition of practical knowledge as equal to academic knowledge led to the emergence of practice research and practice as research.

By the 20th century the novel had come to occupy a canonical space as one of the foundations of modern literature.

By the late 20th century, encyclopedias were being published on CD-ROMs for use with personal computers.

By the end of the 20th century, Japan was the only country with an emperor on the throne.

By the end of the 20th century, most handguns carried regularly by military, police and civilians were semi-automatic, although revolvers were still widely used.

By the early 20th century, radiometric dating allowed the Earth's age to be estimated at two billion years.

By the late 20th century, Hong Kong was the seventh largest port in the world and second only to New York and Rotterdam in terms of container throughput.

By the beginning of the 20th century, Western scholars of Islam started to critically engage with the Islamic texts, subjecting them to the same agnostic, searching scrutiny that had previously been applied to Christian texts ( see higher criticism ).

By the late 20th century religion had declined to only a weak force in most of Europe.

By the end of the 20th century, microtechnology had been used to create tiny robotic devices to assist microsurgery using micro-video and fiber-optic cameras to view internal tissues during surgery with minimally invasive practices.

By the early 20th century Dutch dominance extended to what was to become Indonesia's current boundaries.

By the end of the war, Italian per capita income was at its lowest point since the beginning of the 20th century.

By the turn of the 20th century, the heyday of individualist anarchism had passed, although aspects of the individualist anarchist tradition were later revived with modifications by Murray Rothbard and his anarcho-capitalism in the mid-20th century, as a current of the broader libertarian movement.

By the end of the 20th century, it was concluded that some convicts could not be treated and therefore could not be safely released into society.

By the late 20th century, most nations of the former empire had officially adopted the metric system as their main system of measurement, although as of 2011 the United Kingdom had only partially adopted it.

By the first decade of the 20th century, a number of business entities had formed themselves into trusts, which dominated their industries.