By the 1920s, each state in the United States had passed public laws that stipulated a certain day to be Arbor Day or Arbor and Bird Day observance.

By the laws of England, every invasion of private property, be it ever so minute, is a trespass ...

By starting with an inertial frame, where Newton's laws of motion hold, and keeping track of how the time derivatives of a position vector change when transforming to a rotating reference frame, the various fictitious forces and their forms can be identified.

By including mind in the realm of matter, Samkhya-Yoga avoids one of the most serious pitfalls of Cartesian dualism, the violation of physical conservation laws.

By the end of the Early Modern period however, and the beginnings of the Enlightenment, many European governments brought in laws prohibiting many superstitious beliefs in an attempt to bring an end to the Witch Hunt ; this would invariably affect the release of grimoires.

By 1902, the factory alone became " A great city with its own streets, its own police force, fire department and traffic laws.

By 1914, forty-six states had regulations on cocaine and twenty-nine states had laws against opium, morphine, and heroin.

By contrast, in a non-inertial reference frame the laws of physics vary depending on the acceleration of that frame with respect to an inertial frame, and the usual physical forces must be supplemented by fictitious forces.

By shunning the humble garment of an exploited person, ( garments which, in my opinion, are the result of all the laws devised to make our lives bitter ), we feel there no others left but just the natural laws.

By 1951 laws were passed by the Bundestag ending denazification.

By early 1961, the British had withdrawn their special court system, which handled the cases of foreigners resident in Kuwait, and the Kuwaiti Government began to exercise legal jurisdiction under new laws drawn up by an Egyptian jurist.

By way of contrast to Hobbes's multiplicity of laws, Cumberland states in the very first sentence of his Treatise of the Laws of Nature that " all the Laws of Nature are reduc'd to that one, of Benevolence toward all Rationals.

By studying grassroots activism and the lived experiences of its participants, her high school students came to appreciate how African Americans worked to end Jim Crow laws in the 1950s.

By its terms, states were allowed to set their own laws for the control of alcohol.

By newton's second and third laws, the force F imposed by the jet on the runner is equal but opposite to the rate of momentum change of the fluid, so:

By their reasoning, existing laws relating to privacy in general should be sufficient.

By Newton's law of universal gravitation and laws of motion, a body of mass m a distance R from the center of a sphere of mass M feels a force equivalent to an acceleration, where:

By the 1890s, many Southern states had strict voter eligibility laws, including literacy tests and poll taxes.

By the end of the 1820s, along with a general economic recovery, many of these repressive laws were repealed and in 1828 new legislation guaranteed the civil rights of religious dissenters.

By law, the text of the Statutes at Large is " legal evidence " of the laws enacted by Congress.

By the late 19th century an elaborate and rigid set of rules detailing the laws of the game, its etiquette and the techniques of play, had been developed that took a large amount of study to master.

By analogy, principles in other fields of study are sometimes loosely referred to as " laws ".

By the treaty of 1839, Luxembourg did not fully join Belgium, and remained a possession of the Netherlands until different inheritance laws caused it to separate as an independent Grand Duchy.

By helping to ensure benefit-sharing, the Nagoya Protocol creates incentives to conserve and sustainably use genetic resources, and therefore enhances the contribution of biodiversity to development and human well-being.

By comparing the parts of the genome that are not under natural selection and which therefore accumulate mutations at a fairly steady rate, it is possible to reconstruct a genetic tree incorporating the entire human species since the last shared ancestor.

By comparing mitochondrial DNA which is inherited only from the mother, geneticists have concluded that the last female common ancestor whose genetic marker is found in all modern humans, the so-called mitochondrial Eve, must have lived around 200, 000 years ago.

In other fictional television works, a January 1971 episode " By the Pricking of My Thumbs ..." of the British science fiction TV series Doomwatch featured a 16-year-old XYY boy expelled from school because of his genetic condition, a November 1993 episode " Born Bad " of the American police procedural TV series Law & Order portrayed a 14-year-old XYY sociopathic murderer, and the May 2007 season finale episode " Born To Kill " of the American police procedural TV series CSI: Miami depicted a 34-year-old XYY serial killer.

The Fagaceae, or oak family, is a very slow evolving clade compared to other angiosperms, and the patterns of hybridization and introgression in Quercus pose a great challenge to the concept of a species since a species is often defined as a group of “ actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups .” By this definition, many species of Quercus would be lumped together according to their geographic and ecological habitat, despite clear distinctions in morphology and, to a large extent, genetic data.

By the sixth week, the indifferent gonads begin to differentiate according to genetic sex.

By separating people into hierarchies based upon their race, it has been argued that unequal treatment among the different groups of people is just and fair due to their genetic differences.

By the tenth generation, the genetic contribution of each ancestor is less than 0. 1 %.

By comparing many hundreds of families of twins, researchers can then understand more about the complementary roles of genetic effects, shared environment, and unique environment in shaping people.

It was also found in the same paper that, going by Identity By State ( a more accurate indicator of genetic similarity and distance compared to Fixation Index ) results, the Japanese are more related to the Vietnamese when compared to the Mongolians and Koreans.

Haak said, " By establishing the genetic links between the two adults and two children buried together in one grave, we have established the presence of the classic nuclear family in a prehistoric context in Central Europe.

Some myeloma centers now employ genetic testing, which they call a “ gene array .” By examining DNA oncologists can determine if patients are high risk or low risk of the cancer returning quickly following treatment.

By the time Ford had developed his formal definition of genetic polymorphism, Fisher had got accustomed to high selection values in nature.

By applying principal component analysis to data from " classical genetic markers " ( protein polymorphisms from ABO blood groups, HLA loci, immunoglobulins, etc.

By the time Ford had developed his formal definition of genetic polymorphism, Fisher had got accustomed to high natural selection values in nature.

By studying plant samples carried on Discovery, researchers hoped to determine how the genetic material in the root cells respond to microgravity.

By definition, genetic polymorphism relates to a balance or equilibrium between morphs.

By 2006, genetic data for over 350 chlamydial lineages had been reported, four chlamydial families had been recognized ( Chlamydiaceae, Parachlamydiaceae, Simkaniaceae, and Waddliaceae ), and another family had been proposed ( Rhabdochlamydiaceae ).

By combining this mode of chromosome segregation with a system of balanced-lethal genes, genetic recombination is prevented and the plants enjoy the vigour of heterosis.

By mutating aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, chemists have expanded the genetic codes of various organisms to include lab-synthesized amino acids with all kinds of useful properties: photoreactive, metal-chelating, xenon-chelating, crosslinking, color-changing, spin-resonant, fluorescent, biotinylated, and redox-active amino acids.

By doing this, it also absorbs the genetic material of its victims, which it uses to generate smaller, weaker monsters to do its bidding.

By doing this they demonstrate their genetic fitness, as genetically less fit males can only grow small plumage, while genetically better individuals can grow larger ones.

By using animal models, the underlying molecular alterations and the causal relationship between genetic or environmental alterations and depression can be examined, which would afford a better insight into pathology of depression.

By adopting a parasitic mode of life with use of nutrients from their hosts, mycoplasmas were able to reduce their genetic material considerably.