By the 1940s, the term commonly was capitalized, Negro, but by the mid 1960s it was considered disparaging.

By the Roman period brass was being deliberately produced from metallic copper and zinc minerals using the cementation process and variations on this method continued until the mid 19th century.

By the mid late 18th century developments in cheaper zinc distillation such as John-Jaques Dony's horizontal furnaces in Belgium and the reduction of tariffs on zinc as well as demand for corrosion resistant high zinc alloys increased the popularity of speltering and as a result cementation was largely abandoned by the mid 19th century.

By the mid 19th century, many boats had been built with iron or steel frames but still planked in wood.

By the mid 1960s, binary addressing had become the standard architecture in most computer designs, and main memory sizes were most commonly powers of two.

" By the mid 2000s, bikinis had become a $ 811 million business annually, according to the NPD Group, a consumer and retail information company.

By the mid 1970s, born again Christians were increasingly referred to in the mainstream media as part of the born again movement.

By the mid 20th century, with the growing market for rare coins, the Sheldon system was adopted by the American Numismatic Association and most coin professionals in the North America.

By cutting transportation costs in half or more it became a large profit center for Albany, New York and New York City as it allowed the cheap transportation of many of the agricultural products grown in the mid west of the United States to the rest of the world.

By the mid 19th century, Edward Frankland, F. A.

By the mid to late 2000s, many disco-influenced songs were hits.

By mid century, the cooperative Christian Churches and the independent Christian Churches were following different paths.

By the mid — 18th century the French chemist Charles François de Cisternay du Fay had discovered two types of static electricity, and that like charges repel each other whilst unlike charges attract.

By the mid 1970s, there were enough media zines being published that adzines existed just to advertise all of the other zines available.

By the mid 19th century, the South, The city of New Orleans in particular, being situated as a key to commerce on the Mississippi River and in the Gulf, had become the largest U. S. city not on the Atlantic seaboard and the fourth largest in the U. S. overall.

By the mid 17th century, numerous small Dutch and Flemish distillers ( some 400 in Amsterdam alone by 1663 ) had popularized the re-distillation of malt spirit or wine with juniper, anise, caraway, coriander, etc., which were sold in pharmacies and used to treat such medical problems as kidney ailments, lumbago, stomach ailments, gallstones, and gout.

By the mid 1890s, the Golden Dawn was well established in Great Britain, with membership rising to over a hundred and including every class of Victorian society.

By the mid 1960s, Viola Spolin's classes were handed over to her protégé, Jo Forsberg, who further developed Spolin's methods into a one-year course, which eventually became The Players Workshop, the first official school of improvisation in the USA.

By the mid 1970s, Sweden experienced a recession that struck especially hard on the industrial sector ; shipyards and manufacturing industries were hard hit, which led to high unemployment in many cities of Scania.

By mid July, the team found themselves only 10 games out of the division lead.

By mid July, North Korean troops overwhelmed the South Korean and allied American units defending South Korea and forced them back to a defensive perimeter in south-east South Korean known as the Pusan Perimeter.

By the mid to late-1970s some parts of the capitalist world, including South Korea, were creating new industries based around computers, electronics, and other advanced technology in contrast to North Korea's Stalinist economy of mining and steel production.

By mid July they had Somoza and the National Guard isolated in Managua.

By the mid 19th century, the industrial revolution had transformed England and had begun in France.

By the 1900s, Lyon & Healy was one of the largest music publishers in the world, and sold new and antique violins, pianos, and other instruments.

By the early 1900s, acting had become a family enterprise.

By the early 1900s, the movement included England, Canada, Croatia, France, Denmark, Italy, America, the Philippines, China, and Hungary.

By the 1900s, nigger had become a pejorative word.

By the late 1900s the terms speculation and speculator were somewhat down played by the media, likely due to turmoil in the capital markets ever since the tech boom bubble pop, and the historical fascination with blaming wall street speculators for all the ills of the world, had mysteriously returned to the newspapers.

By far the most common species in Australia is the European chestnut, but there are small numbers of the other species, as well as some hybrids. The Japanese chestnut ( Castanea crenata ) does well in wet and humid weather and in hot summers (~ 30 ° C ); and was introduced to New Zealand in the early 1900s, more so in the upper North Island region

By the early 1900s, the recognized geographic distribution of this disease grew to include parts of the United States as far north as Washington State, Idaho, and Montana and as far south as California, Arizona, and New Mexico.

By the early 1900s, many of the old cotton plantations became hunting preserves, attracting tourists.

By the early 1900s, cattle and sheep ranching were prominent, along with some limited pear and walnut production.

By the early 1900s, the town of Mammoth was informally established near Mammoth Creek.

By the early 1900s, Helix Farms was home to the largest olive ranch in southern California ( some of the original olive trees can still be found today ).

By the early 1900s, Berthoud sported a business district on Third Street and Massachusetts and Mountain Avenues.

By the early 1900s, L ' Enfant's vision of a grand national capital had become marred by slums and randomly placed buildings, including a railroad station on the National Mall.

By the early 1900s, Eustis was already a winter vacation spot for many.

By the early 1900s, Islandia had its own school district and more than 100 residents.

By the 1900s Brooks began to grow due to the rail road.

By the 1900s, the need for churches arose.

By the 1900s Kingston had many businesses including ; a hardware store, department store, grocery, meat market, paint shop, hotel, bank, bakery, shoe store, barber shop, pool room, saloon, general store, creamery, undertaking parlor, saw mill, coal and lumber yard, two blacksmith shops, two livery barns, stock yards and two confectionaries.

By the early 1900s, the city was well on its way to a bright future by this time.

By the early 1900s, the town had electric service, supplied by the Danville Light, Heat and Power Co.

By the early 1900s, Ulysses was the last surviving town in Grant County, Kansas, and by 1906, Ulysses was faced with increasingly hard times and desperation.

By the early 1900s, Madisonville was a rail hub, coal mining center, and had a large tobacco market.

By the early 1900s, New Haven had electricity produced in a power house located on the north side of Ann Street, owned by Frank Phelps, also the owner of one of the first motorcars in the village.

By the early 1900s there were about 33 businesses bringing new prosperity to the area.