By now few Angolans retain African traditional religions following different ethnic faiths.

By the late 19th century, the traditional business supporters of the UK Liberal Party had joined the Conservatives, making them the party of business and commerce.

By 1962 the morale of the Foreign Legion was at an all-time low ; it had lost its traditional and spiritual home ( Algeria ), elite units had been disbanded, and in addition, many officers and men were arrested or deserted to escape prosecution.

By the late forties, radio stations broadcast music described as " hillbilly ," originally to describe fiddlers and string bands, but was then used to describe the traditional music of the people of the Appalachian Mountains.

By the treaty, the Choctaw signed away their remaining traditional homelands, opening them up for European-American settlement in Mississippi Territory.

By 1960, having been influenced more by jazz music than blues, Brown began incorporating jazz styled arrangements in his music, with Brown naming the Famous Flames hits " I'll Go Crazy " and " Think " as examples of his changing style away from more traditional forms of R & B and rock ' n ' roll.

By telling or reenacting myths, members of traditional societies detach themselves from the present and return to the mythical age, thereby bringing themselves closer to the divine.

By traditional rules, women are most often told to occupy the rows behind the men.

By attending medical school they become " physicians " in the more traditional sense.

By his abuse of the traditional right of asylum granted to ambassadorial precincts in Rome, he precipitated a quarrel between France and the papacy, which resulted in Alexander VII's temporary loss of Avignon and his forced acceptance of the humiliating treaty of Pisa in 1664.

By Robert Graves's definition, a religion's traditional stories are " myths " if and only if one does not belong to the religion in question.

By adopting this Responsum, the CJLS found itself in a position to provide a considered Jewish-law justification for its egalitarian practices, without having to rely on potentially unconvincing arguments, undermine the religious importance of community and clergy, ask individual women intrusive questions, repudiate the halakhic tradition, or label women following traditional practices as sinners.

By inserting eukaryotic mRNA for insulin production along with reverse transcriptase into bacteria, the mRNA can insert itself into the prokaryote's genome, and large amounts of insulin can be created, sidestepping the need to harvest pig pancreas and other such traditional sources.

By 1912 the German administration had apparently achieved its long-term objective of understanding the traditional forces in Samoa politics while maintaining a semblance of local participation in government.

By 1770, all the languages belonging to the Finno-Ugric languages had been identified, almost 20 years before the traditional starting-point of Indo-European studies.

By opening new trade routes in Arabic and Frankish lands, the Vikings profited from international trade by expanding beyond their traditional boundaries.

By the end of that century, the dance spread to the middle and lower classes of Irish society and traditional triple-tune tunes and songs were altered to fit the waltz rhythm.

By such careful editing, the films compared and contrasted the forces of evil with America and its traditional values.

By use of variable engine strokes from a complex crankshaft, Atkinson was able to increase the efficiency of his engine, at the cost of some power, over traditional Otto-cycle engines.

By having a short route and using mounted riders rather than traditional stagecoaches, their proposal was to establish a fast mail service between St. Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento, California with letters delivered in 10 days, a duration many said was impossible.

By the turn of the twentieth century, a proportionately small yet socially significant cross-section of China's traditional elite ( i. e. landlords and bureaucrats ), found themselves increasingly skeptical of the efficacy and even the moral validity of Confucianism.

By day, the place is invaded by the terraces of traditional restaurants and the finest ice-cream makers.

By the age of eight, he was reading other traditional Chinese novels, including the Water Margin, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and Dream of the Red Mansion.

By trading with Muslim states, Venice came to monopolise the spice trade in Europe between 1200 and 1500, through its dominance over Mediterranean seaways to ports such as Alexandria, after traditional overland connections were disrupted by Mongols and Turks.

By the mid-to-late 13th century, the Chinese had adopted the dogma of Neo-Confucian philosophy formulated by Zhu Xi.

By 1949, the CPC had established control over most of the country ( see Chinese Civil War ).

By the time of the Tang Dynasty five-hundred years after Buddhisms arrival into China, it had transformed into a thoroughly Chinese religious philosophy dominated by the school of Zen Buddhism.

By this time large Chinese infantry-based armies of 100, 000 to 200, 000 troops were now buttressed with several hundred thousand mounted cavalry in support or as an effective striking force.

By adopting the name Chung-cheng (" central uprightness "), he was choosing a name very similar to the name of Sun Yat-sen, who was ( and still is ) known among Chinese as Zhongshan ( 中山 — meaning " central mountain "), thus establishing a link between the two.

By 1880, almost a thousand Chinese people, " one for every five Caucasians ," lived in Carson City.

Taylor & Taylor ( 1995: 124 ) concluded, " By and large, Pinyin represents the Chinese sounds better than the Wade-Giles system, and does so with fewer extra marks.

By 1906, the total number of Chinese coolies had swelled to 50, 000, almost entirely recruited and shipped by CEMC.

By the Chinese Remainder Theorem, this ring factors into the direct product of rings of integers mod p. Now each of these factors is a field, so it is clear that the only idempotents will be 0 and 1.

By the turn of the 19th century, the company had become the largest of the ‘’ hongs ’’ or foreign trading conglomerates with offices in all the important Chinese cities as well as Yokohama, Japan.

By the mid-1950s the Chinese army had entered the north-east portion of Ladakh.

By 1921, small groups of Marxists existed in six Chinese cities: Shanghai, Peking, Changsha, Wuhan, Canton and Tsinan, with a further group having been founded by Chinese students in Paris.

By placing the prisoners under conditions of physical and social deprivation and disruption, and then by offering them more comfortable situations such as better sleeping quarters, better food, warmer clothes or blankets, the Chinese did succeed in getting some of the prisoners to make anti-American statements.

By the time of Mozi, Chinese rulers and the wealthier citizens already had the practice of extravagant burial rituals.

By contrast, neighboring Chinese leader Mao Zedong was mostly ignored and Kim Il-sung rejected most of his policies such as the Hundred Flowers Campaign and ( later ) the Cultural Revolution.

By the end of August 2006, statistics from the Ministry of Information Industry showed that there were more than 437 million mobile phone users in the Chinese mainland, or 327 mobile phones per 1, 000 population.

By the medieval Chinese dynasties, with the decline of chariot warfare, the use of the dagger-axe was almost nonexistent.

By 1954 an estimated 2, 500 Soviet naval advisers were in China — possibly one adviser to every thirty Chinese naval personnel — and the Soviet Union began providing modern ships.

By the end of the 17th century, the Chinese economy had recovered from the devastation caused by the wars in which the Ming Dynasty were overthrown, and the resulting breakdown of order.

By 28 BC, Chinese astronomers were regularly recording sunspot observations in official imperial records.

By then he had gained fluency in French, Chinese, Sanskrit, Pali, Japanese and English, in addition to his native Vietnamese.

By June 1598, The Japanese forces fought with desperation, turning back several Chinese offensives in Suncheon and Sacheon as the Ming army prepared for a final assault.

By 1920, Pan-Turkic Islamists had become a challenge to Chinese warlord Yang Zengxin ( 杨增新 ) who controlled Siankiang.

By 1900, restaurants serving Chinese cuisine from Canton and Shanghai offered a simple ramen dish of noodles ( cut rather than hand pulled ), a few toppings, and a broth flavored with salt and pork bones.