The largest species are red alder ( A. rubra ) on the west coast of North America, and black alder ( A. glutinosa ), native to most of Europe and widely introduced elsewhere, both reaching over 30 m. By contrast, the widespread Alnus viridis ( green alder ) is rarely more than a 5 m tall shrub.

By the third millennium BCE, widespread civilizations had developed sophisticated awareness of celestial cycles, and are believed to have consciously oriented their temples to create alignment with the heliacal risings of the stars.

By 1908, there was widespread concern about the decline of salmon and sturgeon.

By far the most common and widespread species of fox is the red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ), although various species are found on almost every continent.

By the time of the Crusades ( 1096 – 1270 ), horseshoes were widespread and frequently mentioned in various written sources.

By defeating the tyranny of numbers, integrated circuits made high-speed and low-cost digital computers a widespread commodity.

By World War II, however, the practice was so widespread that during the Nuremberg trials, the charges against German Admiral Karl Dönitz for ordering unrestricted submarine warfare were dropped, notwithstanding that the activity constituted a clear violation of the Second London Naval Treaty of 1936.

By the turn of the century, pop punk had been adopted by the mainstream, as bands such as Green Day and The Offspring brought the genre widespread popularity.

By the end of the 18th century preterist exposition had gradually become more widespread.

By the time of the First World War, the mass advertising and popularity of the Victor Talking Machine Company's Victrolas ( a line of disc-playing machines characterized by their concealed horns ) was leading to widespread generic use of the word " victrola " for any machine that played discs, which were however still called " phonograph records " or simply " records ", almost never " victrola records ".

By the late 1920s the resistance movement against colonial rule had gathered widespread support during the mistreatment of the Samoan people by the New Zealand administration.

By the late 1960s, widespread efforts were underway to solve the problem diplomatically instead of with more missiles.

By 2006, the Tesla turbine has not seen widespread commercial use since its invention.

By the end of the War, an estimated 40-60, 000 Timorese had died, the economy was in ruins, and famine widespread.

By the mid-1980s, most of the common previously external system components had been integrated into the same chip as the processor and this modern form of the microcontroller allowed an even more widespread use, which by the end of the decade were the norm rather than the exception for almost all electronics devices.

By the late 1990s, the use of blowing agents such as carbon dioxide, pentane, 1, 1, 1, 2-tetrafluoroethane ( HFC-134a ) and 1, 1, 1, 3, 3-pentafluoropropane ( HFC-245fa ) became more widespread in North America and the EU, although chlorinated blowing agents remained in use in many developing countries.

By expecting widespread domestic and international support for his reign, Yuan Shikai and his supporters had miscalculated.

By the time of Imagawa Ryoshun's " Regulations " at the beginning of the 15th century, the Bushidō ideal was fairly clear, and the term itself came into widespread use.

" By the time he gained widespread acceptance in the 1890s, Whistler was past his prime as a portrait painter.

By 1798 however, he supported President John Adams and the Federalists ; he denounced passage of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions as he feared the social unrest and widespread executions that had followed the increasing radicalism of the French Revolution.

By the early 20th century, as bread became a staple of the American diet, the sandwich became the same kind of popular, quick meal as was already widespread in the Mediterranean.

By the 1920s, the notion that the Hyades shared a common origin with the Praesepe Cluster was widespread, with Rudolf Klein-Wassink noting in 1927 that the two clusters are " probably cosmically related.

By 2007, this practice was particularly widespread in UK schools, and it was also starting to be adopted in some states in the US.

By 1966, there were few senior leaders in China that questioned the need for a widespread reform to combat the growing problems of corruption and bureaucratization within the Party and the government.

By the use of various weights, data for a force-rate of shear graph can be obtained.

By knowing the coordinates of an object ( usually given in equatorial coordinates ), the telescope user can use the setting circle to align the telescope in the appropriate direction before looking through its eyepiece.

By this time, the use of the glyph had already reached Persia, and was mentioned in Al-Khwarizmi's descriptions of Indian numerals.

By the mid-16th century, they were in common use in most of Europe.

By 1980, the way the game was played had changed dramatically due to innovative coaching tactics, with the phasing out of many of the game's kicking styles and the increasing use of handball ; whilst presentation was influenced by television.

By 1971, 12 percent of the total area of South Vietnam had been sprayed with defoliating chemicals, at an average concentration of 13 times the recommended USDA application rate for domestic use.

By 1971, 12 percent of the total area of South Vietnam had been sprayed with defoliating chemicals, at an average concentration of 13 times the recommended USDA application rate for domestic use.

By the first century BC brass was available in sufficient supply to use as coinage in Phrygia and Bithynia, and after the Augustan currency reform of 23 BC it was also used to make Roman dupondii and sestertii.

By the 15th century there is evidence for the renewed use of lidded cementation crucibles at Zwickau in Germany.

By World War II, the use of the smaller divisions, platoons and companies, became much more important as precise operations became vital.

By the time World War I began, attempts to use anthrax were directed at animal populations.

By the summer of 1944 the reversal of fortune was complete and Operation Bagration saw Soviet forces inflict crushing defeats on Germany through the aggressive use of armour, infantry and air power in combined strategic assault, known as deep operations.

By the late 1920s, New York writers other than Fitz Gerald were starting to use " Big Apple " and were using it outside of a horse-racing context.

By that time, the majority of black people were U. S .- born, so use of the term " African " became problematic.

By contrast, several countries can also use the same currency ( for example, the euro ), or one country can declare the currency of another country to be legal tender.

By the end of 2005, the number of telephone main lines in use totaled 7, 851, 649.

By 1910, the profession, " chemical engineer ", was already in common use in Britain and the United States.

By helping to ensure benefit-sharing, the Nagoya Protocol creates incentives to conserve and sustainably use genetic resources, and therefore enhances the contribution of biodiversity to development and human well-being.

By then the memory may have been re-assigned to another use, with unpredictable results.

By 1996, other engineers had joined in, because it was clear that Cygwin would be a useful way to provide Cygnus ' embedded tools hosted on Windows systems ( the previous strategy had been to use DJGPP ).

By turning these space to public use, the building got 20 % plot ratio more as bonus.

By contrast, the Europeans never infused it into their general diet, but have compartmentalized its use to sweets and desserts.

By the fifth classification all the letters of the alphabet are in use for top level classes.

By the time Bramah's beer pumps became popular, the use of the word draught to mean the act of serving beer was well established and transferred easily to beer served via the hand pumps.

By 1910, regular radio broadcasting had started to use " live " as well as prerecorded sound.