His ideal was Alexander of Macedon, as Napoleon's was Julius Caesar.

`` Tact '', by its very derivation, implies that its possessor keeps in touch with other people, but the author of Clericis Laicos and Unam Sanctam, the wielder of the two swords, the papal sun of which the imperial moon was but a dim reflection, the peer of Caesar and vice-regent of Christ, was so high above other human beings that he had forgotten what they were like.

The large statue on the first floor is believed to be the statue of Pompey at the base of which Julius Caesar was stabbed to death ( if so, the statue once stood in the senate house ).

As you approach the church on the Via D. Baullari you are passing within yards of the remains of the Roman Theatre of Pompey, near which is believed to have been the place where Julius Caesar was assassinated.

Born into an old, wealthy equestrian branch of the Plebeian Octavii family, Augustus was adopted posthumously by his maternal great-uncle Gaius Julius Caesar in 44 BC following Caesar's assassination.

His mother Atia was the niece of Julius Caesar.

The following year he was put in charge of the Greek games that were staged in honor of the Temple of Venus Genetrix, built by Julius Caesar.

In 46 BC, she consented for him to join Caesar in Hispania, where he planned to fight the forces of Pompey, Caesar's late enemy, but Octavius fell ill and was unable to travel.

On 15 March 44 BC, Octavius's adoptive father Julius Caesar was assassinated by a conspiracy led by Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus.

At the time Caesar was killed on the Ides of March ( the 15th ) 44 BC, Octavius was studying and undergoing military training in Apollonia, Illyria.

She became Tiberius's first wife and was the mother of his natural son Drusus Julius Caesar.

Lucius ’ name was changed to Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus and he became Claudius ’ s adopted son, heir and recognised successor.

He allowed Alexios II to be crowned, but was responsible for the death of most of the young emperor's actual or potential defenders, including his mother, his half-sister and the Caesar, and refused to allow him the smallest voice in public affairs.

For example, Alfonso halted his army in pious respect before the birthplace of a Latin writer, carried Livy or Caesar on his campaigns with him, and his panegyrist Panormita even stated that the king was cured of an illness when a few pages of Quintus Curtius Rufus ' history of Alexander the Great were read to him.

In 44 BC Julius Caesar added two plebeian aediles, called Cereales, whose special duty was the care of the cereal ( corn ) supply.

Caesar was now in a dire position, holding a beachhead at Epirus with only half his army, no ability to supply his troops by sea, and limited local support, as the Greek cities were mostly loyal to Pompey.

This caused Caesar to remark, " The day was theirs had there been anyone among them to take it.

Although Pompey was strongly against it-he wanted to surround and starve Caesar's army instead-he eventually gave in and accepted battle from Caesar on a field near Pharsalus.

This " nothing to lose " mentality was played up by Caesar to his men as he explained that defeat meant nothing less than death.

Caesar also deployed in three lines but could only set them to six men deep if he was to match the length of Pompey's line.

As was typical of Caesar he gambled and began discreetly thinning his already depleted ranks of men then repositioned them as a fourth line to support his cavalry against the inevitable assault by the much larger Pompeian cavalry.

There was significant distance between the two armies, according to Caesar.

Interestingly enough, Ptolemy XIII sent Pompey's head to Caesar in an effort to win his favor, but instead secured him as a furious enemy.

Caesar settled the remnants of that group in Gorgobina, from where they sent two thousand to Vercingetorix's aid at the battle of Alesia six years later.

Octavian complained that Antony had no authority for being in Egypt ; that his execution of Sextus Pompeius was illegal ; that his treachery to the king of Armenia disgraced the Roman name ; that he had not sent half the proceeds of the spoils to Rome according to his agreement ; that his connection with Cleopatra and the acknowledgment of Caesarion as a legitimate son of Julius Caesar were a degradation of his office and a menace to himself.

In 47 BCE the lives of Julius Caesar and his protege Cleopatra were saved by 3, 000 crack Jewish troops sent by King Hyrcanus II and commanded by Antipater, whose descendants Caesar made kings of Judea.

Caesar sent riders after them and ordered those who were brought back to be “ counted as enemies ”, which probably meant being sold into slavery.

The friendship of the Emperor Constantine raised him from penury and he became tutor in Latin to his son Crispus, whom Lactantius may have followed to Trier in 317, when Crispus was made Caesar ( lesser co-emperor ) and sent to the city.

Even the Aedui, their most faithful supporters, threw in their lot with the Arverni, but the ever loyal Remi ( best known for its cavalry ) and Lingones sent troops to support Caesar.

The Germans of the Ubii also sent cavalry, which Caesar equipped with Remi horses.

* Emperor Augustus sent his stepson Gaius Caesar as army commander to the East and made a peace treaty with Phraates V on an island in the river Euphrates.

* Julius Caesar sent Servius Sulpicius Galba with Legio XII Fulminata into the country of the Nantuates, Seduni and the Veragri.

Caesarion, who was said to be Cleopatra's son by Julius Caesar, was sent by his mother, with much treasure, into India, by way of Ethiopia.

On the fall of Pompey, Pharnaces II, son of Mithridates, took advantage of Julius Caesar being occupied in Egypt, and reduced Colchis, Armenia, and some part of Cappadocia, defeating Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus, whom Caesar subsequently sent against him.

Caesar ordered these men treated with respect and sent back to Afranius.

After Pompey and the Senate had fled to Greece, Caesar sent Pollio to Sicily to relieve Cato of his command.

On 25 March 467, Leo I, with the consent of Ricimer, designated Anthemius Western Emperor as Caesar and sent him to Italy with an army led by the Magister militum per Illyricum Marcellinus.

Caesar in the meantime sent 4, 000 Roman and allied Aedui cavalry to track the Helvetii but they were severely beaten by only 500 Helvetii cavalry.

Armatus, as magister militum, was sent with all available forces in Asia Minor, to oppose the advancing army of the Isaurians, but secret messages from Zeno, who promised to give him the title of magister militum for life and to confer the rank of Caesar on his son, induced him to betray his master.

He summoned his eldest son Constans from the monastery where he was dwelling, elevated him to Caesar, or co-emperor, and sent him with the general Gerontius towards Hispania.

Severus, however, having secured the support of Albinus by declaring him Caesar, progressed towards the city, made himself master of the fleet at Ravenna, defeated Tullius Crispinus, the Praetorian Prefect, who had been sent to halt his progress, and gained over to his cause the ambassadors sent to turn his troops.

Julius Caesar came first, briefly, in both 55 and 54 BC ; one hundred years later Claudius sent four legions to Britain, where the Romans were to remain for the next four hundred years.

Josephus noted, " Antigonus ... came to Caesar ... and accused Hyrcanus and Antipater, how they had driven him and his brethren entirely out of their native country ... and that as to the assistance they had sent Caesar into Egypt, it was not done out of good-will to him, but out of the fear they were in from former quarrels, and in order to gain pardon for their friendship to enemy Pompey.