Calles quickly rejected the Bucareli Agreements of 1923 between the U. S. and Mexico, when Álvaro Obregón was president, and began drafting a new oil law that would strictly enforce article 27 of the Mexican constitution.

The vast majority are Roman Catholic priests who were executed for carrying out their ministry despite the suppression under the anti-clerical laws of Plutarco Elías Calles.

With the rise of anti-Chinese sentiment in Mexico in the 1930s under President Plutarco Elías Calles, most Chinese Mexicans, including individuals of mixed Chinese and Mexican descent, were forced out of Mexico and deported to China.

Calles indeed tried to fulfill his promises during his populist phase ( 1924-26 ), but entered a repressive anti-Catholic phase ( 1926-28 ).

At the time of the killing of Pro, Mexico was under rule of the fiercely anti-clerical and anti-Catholic President Plutarco Elías Calles who had begun what writer Graham Greene called the " fiercest persecution of religion anywhere since the reign of Elizabeth.

Unlike his predecessors, he vigorously enforced the anti-Catholic provisions of the 1917 constitution, implementing the so-called " Calles Law ", which provided specific penalties for priests who criticized the government ( five years imprisonment ) or wore clerical garb in certain situations outside their churches ( 500 pesos ).

Although Obregón was suspicious of the Catholic Church, he was far less anti-clerical than his successor, Plutarco Elías Calles, whose policies would lead to the Cristero War ( 1926 – 29 ).

As an ally of Calles, Obregón was hated by Catholics and was assassinated in a restaurant on 17 July 1928, shortly after his return to Mexico City, by José de León Toral, a Roman Catholic opposed to the government's policies on religious matters.

By the summer of 1933, two of old wartime subordinates of Calles had risen to the top of the party: Manuel Pérez Treviño and Lázaro Cárdenas Calles sought to have Trevino be the party's nominee at the time, seeing that he would be the most likely to continue his policies, but soon caved into pressure from party officials and agreed to support the popular land reformer Cárdenas as the PNR's presidential candidate in the 1934 Mexican Presidential election.

Calles founded the National Revolutionary Party early in the year to increase his power ; a party which was, ironically, seen by foreigners as fascist and which was in opposition to the Mexican Right.

The Plan of Agua Prieta, was a political manifesto signed in the city of Agua Prieta, 23 April 1920 by the governor of Sonora ( which is part of the population ) Adolfo de la Huerta and Plutarco Elías Calles, in support of Álvaro Obregón, the principal object to obtain termination of the presidency of the Republic of Venustiano Carranza.

In 1923, Obregón endorsed Plutarco Elías Calles for president in the 1924 election ( in which Obregón was not eligible to run ).

In all likelihood, Obregón participated in this campaign in order to prove his loyalty to the Calles government, to show his continued influence over the military, and also to protect his commercial interests in the Yaqui Valley, which had begun to suffer as a result of the increasing violence in the region.

Calles is most noted for a fierce oppression of Catholics that led to the Cristero War, a civil war between Catholic rebels and government forces, and for founding the Partido Nacional Revolucionario ( National Revolutionary Party, or PNR ), which eventually became the Institutional Revolutionary Party ( PRI ) – which governed Mexico for more than 70 consecutive years.

The period which Obregón had been elected to serve between 1928 and 1934, in which Calles was Jefe Máximo, is known as the Maximato in Mexican history, with many regarding Emilio Portes Gil, Pascual Ortiz Rubio, and Abelardo Rodríguez as his puppets.

Calles opposed Cárdenas's support for labor unions, especially his tolerance and support for strikes, while Cárdenas opposed Calles's violent methods and his closeness to fascist organizations, most notably the Gold Shirts of general Nicolás Rodríguez Carrasco, which harassed Communists, Jews and Chinese.

Calles ' main legacy was the pacification of Mexico ending the violent era of the Mexican Revolution through the creation of the Partido National Revolucionario ( PNR ) which eventually became Partido Revolucionario Institutional ( PRI ), which governed Mexico until 2000.

El Pinacate is a volcanic region and a biosphere reserve that covers 714, 556. 6 hectares which covers parts of the municipalities of Puerto Peñasco, San Luís Río Colorado and Plutarco Elías Calles.

As U. S. Ambassador to Mexico, Morrow was, unfortunately, instrumental in bringing U. S. State Department aid in the form of armaments and aircraft to assist the Bolshevik-inspired, anti-Christian government of Mexican President Plutarco Elias Calles which helped end the Cristero War of 1926 to 1929, an uprising and counter-revolution against the Calles ' government's war against Christianity.

Morrow initiated a series of breakfast meetings with President Plutarco Calles at which the two would discuss a range of issues, from the religious uprising, to oil and irrigation.

He initiated a series of breakfast meetings with President Calles at which the two would discuss a range of issues, from the religious uprising to oil and irrigation.

This was made after the fact that Calles also sent a private telegram to the Mexican Ambassador to France, Sr. Alberto José Pani Arteaga advising that the "... Catholic Church in Mexico is a political movement, and must be eliminated in order to proceed with a Socialist government free of religious hypnotism which fools the people ... within one year without the sacraments, the people will forget the faith ..."

Calles is reported to have looked down upon a throng of 40, 000 which lined Pro's funeral procession and another 20, 000 waited at the cemetery where he was buried without a priest present, his father saying the final words.

She created a program, " Cero Niños en las Calles ", which is geared towards eliminating children working in Honduras ' streets.

Later on he publicly criticised the reelection of Álvaro Obregón and the maximato of Plutarco Elías Calles ( the period during which Calles was Jefe Maximo, " Maximum Chief ", and ruled via puppet presidents ) and joined the rebellion of José Gonzalo Escobar.

In 1981, he starred, along with Leopoldo " Pucho " Fernandez, in a local TV comedy series called " Barrio 4 Calles " in which he played the owner of a bakery shop who was in competition, and constant conflict, with the owner of the bakery shop across the street.

A grave political crisis caused by the 1928 assassination of president-elect Álvaro Obregón led to the founding in 1929 of the National Revolutionary Party (, PNR ) by Plutarco Elías Calles, Mexico's president from 1924 to 1928.

Its membership in the International dates from the Mexican Revolution and the founding of the party by Plutarco Elías Calles, when the party had a clearer Institutional orientation.

The following presidents of this period, Emilio Portes Gil, Pascual Ortiz Rubio and Abelardo L. Rodríguez were from the same ideology as Plutarco Elias Calles.

Following the crushing of the rebellion, Calles was elected president of Mexico and Obregón stepped down from office.

He adopted the Calles surname from the uncle who raised him after the death of his mother, Maria de Jesús Campuzano.

His detractors drew comparisons between Calles and the " Grand Turk ", the anti-Christian leaders from the era of the Crusades.

On 28 May 1926, Calles was awarded a medal of merit from the head of Mexico's Scottish rite of Freemasonry for his actions against the Catholics.

Cárdenas started to isolate Calles politically, removing the callistas from political posts and exiling his most powerful allies: Tomás Garrido Canabal, Fausto Topete, Emilio Portes Gil, Saturnino Cedillo, Aarón Sáenz and finally Calles himself.

Filmmaker Natalia Almada works from audio recordings made by her grandmother about Calles, Almada's great-grandfather, relating history to present in Mexico.

He was also influenced by the contemporary American comics that the reporter Léon Degrelle had sent back to Belgium from Mexico, where he was stationed to report on the persecution of Catholics by the government of President Plutarco Elías Calles.

In 1989, the municipality of Plutarco Elías Calles was split from Puerto Peñasco.

The other major plaza is the Plaza de los Tres Presidentes with statues of Plutarco Elías Calles, Adolfo de la Huerta and Abelardo L. Rodríguez all of whom are from near Guaymas.

Obregón's successor, Emilio Portes Gil – a forced ally of Calles due to the upheaval created by Obregón's assassination – fired CROM officials from their government posts and threw the government's support to rival union groups, such as the Confederación General de Trabajadores, ( CGT ), a nominally anarchist group, and the Confederación Sindical Unitaria de México, a group associated with the Mexican Communist Party ( PCM ).

Obregón won the 1928 presidential election, but before he could begin his term, he was assassinated by a Catholic angered by the Calles government's treatment of Catholics.

Calles ' forces used rape and pillaging, torture and murder of Catholic priests, desecration and destruction of Catholic churches, all in his government's extreme persecution of Catholics.

Though Obregon had been more lenient to Catholics during his time in office, it was also greatly accepted among Mexicans — including the Cristeros — that Calles was his puppet leader.

Particularly offensive to Catholics after the supposed truce was Calles ' insistence on a complete state monopoly on education, suppressing all Catholic education and introducing secular education in its place: " We must enter and take possession of the mind of childhood, the mind of youth.

" Calles ' military persecution of Catholics would be officially condemned by left-socialist leaning President Lázaro Cárdenas and the Mexican Congress in 1935.