* Catholic Hierarchy: Giulio Cardinal Alberoni

In the conclave after the death of the Medici Pope Leo X, his cousin, Cardinal Giulio de ' Medici was the leading figure.

His unpopularity swayed the papal conclave not to elect Cardinal Giulio Sacchetti who was closely associated with the Barberini.

On October 17, 1739, Cardinal Giulio Alberoni, legate ( papal governor ) of Ravenna who in 1739, aiding certain rebels, possibly contrary to the orders of Pope Clement XII, used military force to occupy the country, imposed a new constitution, and endeavored to force the Sanmarinesi to submit to the government of the Papal States.

The death of Pope Leo in 1521 interrupted Medici power briefly, until Cardinal Giulio de ' Medici was elected Pope Clement VII in 1523.

The Villa Madama, a lavish hillside retreat for Cardinal Giulio de ' Medici, later Pope Clement VII, was never finished, and his full plans have to be reconstructed speculatively.

His best frescoes were a historical series in quadro reportati painted on the walls and ceiling of Villa Farnese at Caprarola, built for Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, for which Zuccari also designed a great quantity of rich decorations in stucco relief after the style of Giulio Romano and other pupils of Raphael.

In the 17th century we meet with similar academies ; the " Umoristi " ( 1611 ), the " Fantastici ( 1625 ), and the " Ordinati ", founded by Cardinal Dati and Giulio Strozzi.

In 1714, after the death of the king's first wife, the Princess Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy, the Piacenzan Cardinal Giulio Alberoni successfully arranged the marriage between Philip and the ambitious Elisabeth Farnese, niece and stepdaughter of Francesco Farnese, Duke of Parma.

Elisabeth and Philip married on 24 December 1714 ; she quickly proved a domineering consort, and influenced King Philip to make Cardinal Giulio Alberoni the Prime Minister of Spain in 1715.

Then Cardinal Giulio de ' Medici was elected Pope Clement VII.

Leo X and Cardinal Giulio de Medici

In Rome, Giulio decorated the Villa Madama for Cardinal Giuliano de ' Medici, afterwards Clement VII.

* Facing the cathedral is the unfinished Palazzo Della Rovere ( Della Rovere Palace ), built by Cardinal Giulio della Rovere ( future Pope Julius II ) and designed by Giuliano da Sangallo as a university.

After Leo's death in 1521, his patron was Cardinal Giulio de ' Medici, whose competitors for the papal throne felt the sting of Aretino's scurrilous lash.

He received his episcopal consecration on the following January 31 from Cardinal Willem van Rossum, CSSR, with Archbishop Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani and Bishop Giulio Serafini serving as co-consecrators.

One of the last major illuminated book of hours was the Farnese Hours completed for the Roman Cardinal Alessandro Farnese in 1546 by Giulio Clovio, who was also the last major manuscript illuminator.

The church was consecrated by Cardinal Giulio Antonio Santori, the delegate of pope Gregory XIII on 25 November 1584.

Among the best-known people who have attended Sapienza University of Rome are Somali President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke ; Italian Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti ; Italian political leaders Franco Frattini and Antonio Tajani ; Italian Constitutional Court President Leopoldo Elia ; Roman Catholic Cardinal Crescenzio Sepe ; Nobel Laureate in Physics Emilio Segrè ; actors Carlo Verdone and Christian De Sica ; archaeologist Carlo Fea ; architects Pietro Belluschi, Romaldo Giurgola and Massimiliano Fuksas ; astronaut Umberto Guidoni ; civil servant Mario Catania ; diplomat Sergio Balanzino ; economists Paolo Leon, Mario Draghi and Ignazio Visco ; footballers Valerio Fiori and Andrea Stramaccioni ; mathematicians Ennio De Giorgi and Gaetano Fichera ; microbiologist Clelia Giacobini ; physicists Domenico Pacini, Piero Giorgio Bordoni, Giovanni Ciccotti and Giorgio Parisi ; writers Daria Galateria and Cristina Ali Farah

In conjunction with Cardinal Giulio de ' Medici in the conclave of 1521 ‑ 1522, he secured the election of Adrian Boeyens, bishop of Tortosa, as Adrian VI.

* The Ethiopian Museum of Cardinal Guglielmo Massaia ( 1809 – 1889 ), a missionary who was buried here, in the Capuchin friary, whose church is dedicated to St. Francis of Assisi, houses works by Giulio Romano and Cristoforo Roncalli.

Philip's wife Elizabeth-a member of the ducal house of Parma-and her favorite minister, Cardinal Giulio Alberoni, desired to have their claims in Italy and those of Philip's restored.

In 1586 Giulio Antonio Santorio, Cardinal of St. Severina, printed a handbook of rites for the use of priests, which, as Paul V says, " he had composed after long study and with much industry and labor " ( Apostolicæ Sedis ).

The most distinguished were the Greek Bessarion, Giulio della Rovere ( afterwards Julius II ), and the last of the line, Cardinal Consalvi, secretary of state to Pius VII.

An example from France was a flattering anagram for Cardinal Richelieu, comparing him to Hercules or at least one of his hands ( Hercules being a kingly symbol ), where " Armand de Richelieu " became " Ardue main d ' Hercule ".

French examples from the same period include the memoirs of Cardinal de Retz ( 1614 – 1679 ) and the Duc de Saint-Simon 2001 / 2010.

In the interval he enjoyed the patronage of Ferdinando de ' Medici, for whose private theatre near Florence he composed operas, and of Cardinal Ottoboni, who made him his maestro di cappella, and procured him a similar post at the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome in 1703.

He ordained further that some should be called " Abbreviators of the Upper Bar " ( Abbreviatores de Parco Majori ; the name derived from a space in the chancery, surrounded by a grating, in which the officials sat, which is called higher or lower ( major or minor ) according to the proximity of the seats to that of the vice-chancellor ), the others of the Lower Bar ( Abbreviatores de Parco Minori ); that the former should sit upon a slightly raised portion of the chamber, separated from the rest of the hall or chamber by lattice work, assist the Cardinal Vice-Chancellor, subscribe the letters and have the principal part in examining, revising, and expediting the apostolic letters to be issued with the leaden seal ; that the latter, however, should sit among the apostolic writers upon benches in the lower part of the chamber, and their duty was to carry the signed schedules or supplications to the prelates of the upper bar.

He was born in Rome — in either 1475 or 1476 — the son of Cardinal Rodrigo de Lanzol y Borgia, soon to become Pope Alexander VI, and his mistress Vannozza dei Cattanei, about whom information is sparse.

Stefano Infessura writes that Cardinal Borgia falsely claimed Cesare to be the legitimate son of another man — Domenico d ' Arignano, the nominal husband of Vannozza de ' Cattanei.

: Not to be confused with Gil de Albornoz ( 1579-1649 ) who was also a Cardinal.

** Louis XV the Beloved and his minister Cardinal André-Hercule de Fleury, 1715 – 1774

" When the inquisitor-general of France learned that Servetus was hiding in Vienne, according to Calvin under an assumed name, he contacted Cardinal François de Tournon, the secretary of the archbishop of Lyon, to take up the matter.

* In Alexandre Dumas ' The Three Musketeers, d ' Artagnan escapes prosecution for the death of Milady by means of an ambiguously worded lettre de cachet given to Milady for her own use by the Cardinal de Richelieu.

* 1633 – Samuel de Champlain reclaims his role as commander of New France on behalf of Cardinal Richelieu.

During the minority of Charles V, Adrian was named to serve with Cardinal Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros as co-regent of Spain.

The northern cardinals, led by Cardinal Aymeric de Borgogne ( the Papal Chancellor ), were equally determined to ensure that the elected pope would be one of their candidates.

Juan Alvarez de Toledo ( Bishop of Burgos ), another Imperial favorite was proposed, and he too failed, because of strong opposition from the faction of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, nephew of the late Pope Paul III and from the French.

In 1264, Benedetto became part of the Roman Curia, where he served as secretary to Cardinal Simon de Brion, the future Pope Martin IV, on a mission to France.

The antipope Clement VII died at Avignon on 16 September 1394, but the French cardinals quickly elected a successor on 28 September: Cardinal Pedro de Luna, who took the name Benedict XIII.

He directed the dismissal of Cardinal Odet de Coligny and seven bishops, nullified the royal edict tolerating the extramural services of the Reformers, introduced the Roman catechism, restored papal discipline, and strenuously opposed all compromise with the Huguenot nobility.

He created the youngest Cardinal ever when on 19 December 1735, he named Luis Antonio Jaime de Borbón y Farnesio, Royal Infant of Spain, age 8, to the Sacred College.

Alban Butler ( Lives of the Saints, 6 April ) states that Clement X gave some of his relics to Cardinal de Retz, who placed them in the Abbey of St. Michael in Lorraine.

In 1363 he excommunicated Bernabò Visconti, the last great figure of Ghibellinism in northern Italy, who occupied the Papal city of Bologna and valiantly resisted the troops of Cardinal Gil de Albornoz, the Vicar of the Papal States at the time.

Cardinal de ' Fieschi very reluctantly accepted election as Pope, taking the name Innocent IV as of 25 June 1243.