: See also, 11th century antipope Clement III.

With the encouragement of the French king, the cardinals returned to Avignon and in 1378 elected a French pope, the antipope Clement VII.

At the outset, he had to reckon with the presence of the powerful antipope Clement III in Rome, but a series of well-attended synods held in Rome, Amalfi, Benevento, and Troia supported him in renewed declarations against simony, Investiture Controversy, clerical marriages, and continued opposition to Emperor Henry IV.

The Roman people had expelled the antipope Clement III from the city, and hither Desiderius hastened to consult with the cardinals on the approaching election.

In August a council or synod of some importance was held at Benevento, which renewed the excommunication of the antipope Clement III and the condemnation of lay investiture, proclaimed a kind of crusade against the Saracens in northern Africa and anathematised Hugh of Lyons and Richard, Abbot of Marseilles.

Pope Innocent II ( died 24 September 1143 ), born Gregorio Papareschi, was pope from 1130 to 1143, and was probably one of the clergy in personal attendance on the antipope Clement III ( Guibert of Ravenna ).

However, he resumed the practice of lay investiture ( appointment of religious officials by civil authorities ) and arranged the election of an antipope ( Antipope Clement III ) in 1080.

* At the death of antipope Clement III, the supporters of the Holy Roman Emperor in Rome choose Theodoric as his successor.

Regardless, on the strength of the donation of Avignon, Queen Joanna I of Sicily, as countess of Provence, sold the city to Clement VI for 80, 000 florins on 9 June 1348 and, though it was later the seat of more than one antipope, Avignon belonged to the Papacy until 1791, when, during the disorder of the French Revolution, it was reincorporated with France.

* February – The Pope's representative in northern Italy, Robert of Geneva ( the future antipope Clement VII ), pillages Cesena and 4, 000 antipapal rebels are massacred.

* September 20 – Unhappy with Pope Urban's critical attitude towards them, the majority of the cardinals meet at Fondi and elect Clement VII as antipope and establish a rival papal court at Avignon.

* The antipope Clement III is deposed, and Urban II becomes pope.

This time it was recaptured by Breton troops of Giovanni Acuto ( the English-born condottiere John Hawkwood ) under the command of Robert, Cardinal of Geneva, ( later antipope Clement VII ).

* Jean Grégoire de La Trinité, alias Jean-Gaston Tremblay, from Canada also proclaimed himself Pope Gregory XVII back in 1968 ; however, Tremblay usually styles himself Pope John-Gregory XVII and further, that he is the self styled successor of an ultra-modernist French antipope, Michel Colin ( former Roman Catholic priest of the Sacred Heart missionaries ), founder of the Renovated Church of Christ in 1951 and who went under the name Clement XV since ca.

France and antipope Clement VII counted on Naples to give them a foothold in Italy, if it came to resolving the schism by force.

According to Poulle, Chevalier deliberately did not correctly mention the Papal bulls of antipope Clement VII issued in 1390.

He was a son of II Laird of Wilton Henry Wardlaw who was b. 1318, and a nephew of Walter Wardlaw ( d. 1390 ), Bishop of Glasgow, who is said to have been made a cardinal by the antipope Clement VII in 1381.

From 1378 Gaeta hosted for some years antipope Clement VII.

Cardinal Robert of Geneva ( later antipope as Clement VII ), tried to capture it using Breton mercenaries, but was repulsed.

Blanchard was accused by d ' Ailly before the Avignon antipope Clement VII of abuse of office.

However, if the paintings date to the 1080s or 1090s, as many art historians believe, then Beno and Maria may instead have favored the imperial opposition pope (" antipope ") Clement III / Wibert of Ravenna, whom they sought to honor through paintings about the early Christian pope of the same name.

One possible explanation is that the lower basilica was filled in and the new church built on top due to the close association of the lower structure with the imperial opposition pope (" antipope ") Clement III / Wibert of Ravenna.

Louis II was crowned King of Naples by the Avignonese antipope Clement VII on 1 November 1389 and took possession of Naples the following year.

Never, however, did Vratislaus link his fate with that of Henry's antipope, Clement III.

When Otto II sent an imperial representative, Count Sicco, to secure his release, Crescentius I and Cardinal-Deacon Franco Ferrucci, who would subsequently become Boniface VII, an antipope, had Benedict murdered while still in prison.

He succeeded to the papacy as a compromise candidate to replace antipope Boniface VII ( 974, 984 – 985 ).

Antipope Boniface VII ( Franco Ferrucci, died July 20, 985 ), was an antipope ( 974, 984 – 985 ).

Boniface VII was not yet considered an antipope when the next pope of that same regal name was elected.

( Note on numbering: Pope Boniface VII is now considered an antipope.

When Otto II sent an imperial representative, Count Sicco, to secure his release, Crescentius I and Cardinal-Deacon Franco Ferrucci, who would subsequently become Boniface VII, an antipope, had Benedict murdered while still in prison.

In the following November the council elected the ambitious Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy, as antipope under the name of Felix V. The conduct of France and Germany seemed to warrant this action, for King Charles VII of France had introduced the decrees of the Council of Basel, with slight changes, into France through the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges ( 7 July 1438 ), and the Diet of Mainz had deprived the Pope of most of his rights in the Empire ( 26 March 1439 ).

Pope Stephen IX, who was unable to take actual possession of Rome due to the Roman aristocracy's election of an antipope, Benedict X, sent Hildebrand of Sovana and Anselm of Lucca ( respectively, the future Popes Gregory VII and Alexander II ) to Germany to obtain recognition from Agnes.

Resolved to continue the work of reform commenced by Gregory VII, and being obliged to struggle against an antipope Guibert of Ravenna and the Emperor Henry IV, he was in dire need of competent and devoted allies and called his former master to Rome in 1090.

Image: C o a Clemente VII ( Avignone ). svg | Clement VII ( antipope at Avignon ; 1378-1394 )

: Pope Boniface VII ( 984 – 985 ) ( now listed as an antipope )

In the middle of the 13th century the Emperor Frederick II made the abbey his headquarters during the siege of Rome, while in 1378 Breton and Gascon mercenaries held it for the antipope Clement VII.

The antipope Felix died, as stated above, on a 22 November, and his death was not a martyr's, occurring when the Peace of Constantine had been in force for half a century.

* Antipope Constantine II ( died 768 ), antipope from 767 – 768

The excommunication of Bardinus was reiterated in Canon 6 of the document produced by Lateran I. Gelasius II promptly excommunicated the antipope Gregory VIII and Henry V. Gelasius was forced to flee under duress from the army of Henry V, and took refuge in the monastery of Cluny, where he died in January of 1119.

Stephen IX died at Florence on 29 March 1058 and is considered by the current-day Roman Catholic Church to have been succeeded by Pope Nicholas II, though others consider his successor to be Pope Benedict X, officially regarded as an antipope.

Stephen died before being able to return to Rome, but Hildebrand was successful ; he was then instrumental in overcoming the crisis caused by the Roman aristocracy's election of an antipope, Benedict X, who, thanks also to Agnes's support, was replaced by the Bishop of Florence, Nicholas II.

Honorius II ( died 1072 ), born Pietro Cadalus, was an antipope from 1061 to 1072.

Antipope Eulalius ( died 423 ) was an antipope who reigned from December 418 to April 419, although elected the day before Pope Boniface I.

He ruled in Rome for several months in 366 – 367, was afterwards declared an antipope, and died after 381.

The first, Bernard Garnier became antipope in 1424 and died ca.

Gregory VIII ( died 1137 ), born Mauritius Burdinus ( Maurice Bourdin ), was antipope from 10 March 1118 until 22 April 1121.

Forced to abandon Rome, Theodoric was seized three and a half months later and brought before Pope Paschal II, where he was condemned and declared an antipope and then sent to the monastery of La Cava, Salerno, where he died in 1102, according to the epitaph in the crypt of the monastery.

Victor IV ( died 20 April 1164 ), born Octavian or Octavianus: Ottaviano dei Crescenzi Ottaviani di Monticelli, was the cardinal priest of Santa Cecilia before he was elected as a Ghibelline antipope in 1159, following the death of Pope Adrian IV and the election of Alexander III.

Victor IV ( died after April 1139 ), antipope for a short time in 1138.

* Dioscorus ( died 530 ), papal legate to Justinian I at Constantinople ; later antipope.

Laurentius ( possibly Caelius ) was an antipope of the Roman Catholic Church, from 498 to 506, when he died.

When Victor IV died, Rainald, of his own volition and without waiting for the consent of the emperor, elected at Lucca a new antipope, Paschal III.