* 10 August 2007: The Requiem Mass of Cardinal Jean-Marie Lustiger, former Archbishop of Paris, is held.

His friend Bernard Kouchner, co-founder of Médecins Sans Frontières ( MSF ), criticized him for " absolving the intolerable ," while Cardinal Jean-Marie Lustiger ( and archbishop of Paris from 1981 to 2005 ) publicly disavowed him.

Lustiger received episcopal consecration on the 8 December 1979 from Cardinal François Marty, with Archbishop Eugène Ernoult of Sens and Bishop Daniel Pézeril serving as co-consecrators.

Following Marcel Lefebvre's schism in June 1988, Lustiger tried to reduce tensions with the Traditionalist Catholics, celebrating a Tridentine Mass, sending a conservative priest Patrick Le Gal as his emissary to Lefebvre Along with Cardinal Albert Decourtray, he strongly criticised Martin Scorsese's The Last Temptation of Christ in 1988, clashing with the liberal bishop Jacques Gaillot.

Lustiger was never elected as head of the Conférence des évêques de France ( French Episcopal Conference ) by his peers, with whom he was not popular, but he was elected a member of the Académie Française in 1995, succeeding Albert Decourtray and bypassing Cardinal Paul Poupard.

" Cardinal Lustiger was a strong believer in priestly celibacy and opposed abortion and the ordination of women.

Along with Cardinal Francis Arinze and Bishop Jean-Baptiste Gourion of Jerusalem, Lustiger was one of only three prelates of his time who were converts to the Roman Catholic faith and he and Gourion were the only two who were born Jewish and still considered themselves ' Jewish'all their lives., He said he was proud of his Jewish origins and described himself as a " fulfilled Jew ," for which he was chastised by Christians and Jews alike.

In 1995, Cardinal Lustiger attended the reading of an act of repentance with a group of French rabbis, during which Catholic authorities apologized for the French Church's passive attitude towards the Collaborationism policies enacted by the Vichy regime during World War II.

Théo Klein observed that although conversions usually carry out negative connotations in the Jewish world, it was not so with the Cardinal .< ref name = Liberation > Catherine Corroler, " Jean-Marie Lustiger, mort d ' un cardinal d ' action " in Libération, 6 August 2007 Read here

During this time, the commission interviewed various representatives from different groups, for example religious leaders such as Cardinal Lustiger, school headteachers, political leaders, equal-rights groups and social groups ( for example the Ni Putes Ni Soumises ), and eventually led to the introduction of the French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools.

Grandier, however, had gained the enmity of the powerful Cardinal Richelieu, the chief minister of France, after a public verbal attack against him.

On the other hand, the Sorbonne rejected Gaffarel's work and ridiculed him ; however, he gained the protection of the powerful Cardinal Richelieu, who made him his librarian and sent him off firsto to Italy, then to Greece and Asia to retrieve rare books ( reportedly including manuscripts by Pico della Mirandola ).

He went to Rome and, because of his noble birth, gained an audience with Pope Sixtus V. Following a brief stay at the Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga, the Roman home of his cousin, Cardinal Scipione Gonzaga, on 25 November 1585 he was accepted into the novitiate of the Society of Jesus in Rome.

Cardinal Mundelein gained new followers and became a beloved pastoral leader.

On the death of Cardinal Mazarin soon after, he gained access to his wife's huge inheritance, which included the Palais Mazarin in Paris, home to many pieces of fine art.

Rondelet's fortunes revived when he gained a powerful patron, Cardinal François de Tournon, whom he attended as his personal physician.

Attached to the household of Gaston, Duke of Orléans, brother of Louis XIII, he gained a complete ascendancy over the weak prince by pandering to his pleasures, and became his adviser in the intrigues against Cardinal Richelieu.

He also ended the war with Braccio da Montone in exchange for his recognition as vicar and reconciled with the deposed John XXIII, to whom he gave the title of Cardinal of Tusculum.

Haakon finally achieved royal recognition by Pope Innocent in 1246, and Cardinal William of Sabina was sent to Bergen and coronated Haakon in 1247.

In recognition of this, Cardinal Nicholas Breakespear, who was in Scandinavia as papal legate in 1153, included Hallingdal in the diocese of Stavanger.

In recognition of this, Cardinal Nicholas Breakespear, who was in Scandinavia as papal legate in 1153, included these two valleys in the diocese of Stavanger.

Cardinal Giuseppe Sarto, afterwards Pius X, succeeded in 1893 ; he was refused recognition by the Italian Government, which claimed the right of nomination formerly employed by the Habsburg Emperor of Austria and in earlier times by the Venetian Senate, but after eleven months this pretension was abandoned.

In recognition of this, Cardinal Nicholas Breakespear, who was in Scandinavia as papal legate in 1153, included these two valleys in the Diocese of Stavanger.

Upon recognition of the power of colonization over both societies, Cardinal foresaw a bridge of understanding between them.

Cardinal made a significant contribution to the work of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, as well as the work of the Assembly of First Nations, particularly on the need for recognition of the sovereignty of First Nations as expressed through their treaties with the Crown.

In 1997, Pope John Paul II " encouraged and Hernández to examine their thirty-year experience of the Way, and to formalize it with a written statute ," and Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger urged the drafting of the Statutes as " a very important step that will open the way to the formal juridical recognition by the Church, and giving you a further guarantee of the authenticity of your charism " The Statutes drafted in response were approved ad experimentum for five years in 2002, and on June 13, 2008, after review by five dicasteries and the Pontifical Council for the Laity, Stanislaw Cardinal Rylko published a decree containing the definitive approval of the statutes of the Neocatechumenal Way.

When the schism was ended by the general recognition of Martin V as pope, Giuliano returned to Rome, where he attached himself to Cardinal Branda da Castiglione.

Immediately after his appointment as Cardinal, Pope Clement made him a Cardinal Inquisitor, in which capacity he served as one of the judges at the trial of Giordano Bruno, and concurred in the decision which condemned Bruno to be burned at the stake as a heretic.

Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to " opt for the order of cardinal priests " ( optazione ) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years.

In 1516, after a failed Navarrese-French attempt to expel the Spanish invaders from the kingdom, an attempt in which Francis ' brothers had taken part, the Spanish Castilian kingdom's Governor, Cardinal Cisneros, ordered family lands to be confiscated, the demolition of the outer wall, the gates and two towers of the family castle, the moat was filled, and the height of the keep was reduced in half.

On the fourth day after the death of Gelasius II, February I, 1119, owing mainly to the exertions of Cardinal Cuno, Guido was elected pope and assumed the title of Callistus II.

Louis XIV, known as the " Sun King ", reigned over France from 1643 until 1715 although his strongest period of personal rule did not begin until 1661 after the death of his Italian chief minister Cardinal Mazarin.

Pope Martin V, who while still Cardinal Otto of Colonna, had attacked Huss with relentless severity, energetically resumed the battle against Huss's teaching after the enactments of the Council of Constance, seeking to eradicate completely the doctrine of Huss, for which purpose the co-operation of King Wenceslaus had to be obtained ; in 1418, Sigismund succeeded in winning his brother over to the standpoint of the council by pointing out the inevitability of a religious war if the heretics in Bohemia found further protection.

It did not submit to royal authority until after the fall of La Rochelle in 1629, when its fortifications were destroyed by Cardinal Richelieu.

Although Pius XII received frequent reports about atrocities committed by and / or against Catholics, his knowledge was incomplete ; for example, he wept after the war on learning that Cardinal Hlond had banned German liturgical services in Poland.

Between Leo IV and Benedict III, where Martinus Polonus places her, she cannot be inserted, because Leo IV died 17 July 855, and immediately after his death Benedict III was elected by the clergy and people of Rome ; but, owing to the setting up of an Antipope, in the person of the deposed Cardinal Anastasius, he was not consecrated until 29 September.

In the conclave after the death of the Medici Pope Leo X, his cousin, Cardinal Giulio de ' Medici was the leading figure.

When, almost immediately after, Cardinal Farnese was recalled to Rome, Cervini stayed on as Nuntius.

Three national synods were held during his pontificate at Naples under Alfonso Cardinal Caraffa ( whose family had, after inquiry, been reinstated by Pius V ), at Milan under Saint Charles Borromeo, and at Machim.

The most remarkable event of Clement VIII's reign was the reconciliation to the Church of Henry IV of France ( 1589 – 1610 ), after long negotiations, carried on with great dexterity through Cardinal Arnaud d ' Ossat, that resolved the complicated situation in France.

Some time after, Cardinal Altieri declared that he had not intended to comprise the ambassadors among those for whom the edict was intended, and that the pope had never contemplated subjecting them to it.

As Cardinal de ' Fieschi, Sinibaldo had been on friendly terms with Frederick, even after his excommunication.

He introduced many needed reforms in the administration of church affairs, and through his legate, Cardinal Albornoz, who was accompanied by Rienzi, he sought to restore order in Rome, where, in 1355, Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV was crowned with his permission, after previously having made an oath that he would quit the city on the day of the ceremony.

He appears briefly in The Cardinal of the Kremlin, during which he arranges the escape of KGB Chairman Gerasimov's wife and daughter after the Chairman decides to defect to the United States.

Buñuel was fired ( or resigned ) from his position at the Museum of Modern Art ( MOMA ), supposedly after Cardinal Spellman of New York went to see Iris Barry, head of the film department at MOMA.

The first draft, entitled " Decretum de Judaeis " (" Decree on the Jews "), was completed in November 1961, approximately fourteen months after Cardinal Bea was commissioned by Pope John XXIII.

In 1954, after escaping of a high-ranking officer of the Ministry of Public Security to the west, of Józef Światło ( born Izaak Fleischfarb ) who took orders from the high politicians, such as order to arrest Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński, it was decided to abolish the Ministry of Public Security.

In what has been called a coup d ' état, the Cardinal of Lorraine and the Duke of Guise — whose niece, Mary, Queen of Scots, had married Francis the year before — seized power the day after Henry II's death and quickly moved themselves into the Louvre with the young couple.

Vasari claims he had toyed with the ambition of becoming a Cardinal, perhaps after some encouragement from Leo, which also may account for his delaying his marriage.

Henry V's half-uncle Henry Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester ( after 1426 also Cardinal ), had an important place on the Council.

In March 1761, shortly after his death, Pope Clement XIII rejected the succession of Clemens August's brother Cardinal John Theodore of Bavaria as Archbishop and Prince-Elector of Cologne since the pope entertained some doubt on John Theodore's " moral conduct ".