Theodosius had stripped the river's defenses in response to the Vandal Gaiseric's capture of Carthage in 440 and the Sassanid Yazdegerd II's invasion of Armenia in 441.

In the event, Scipio achieved a decisive victory at Zama, and the subsequent peace stripped Carthage of its fleet.

* Carthage refrains from attacking Syracuse and her allies.

However, inadequately supported by his Italian allies, abandoned by his government ( either because of jealousy or simply because Carthage was overstretched ), and unable to match Rome ’ s resources, Hannibal slowly began losing ground, never able to bring about another grand decisive victory that could produce a lasting strategic change.

Rome could use Sicilian markets, Carthage could buy and sell goods at Rome, and slaves taken by Carthage from allies of Rome were to be set free.

In consequence many Roman allies went over to Carthage, prolonging the war in Italy for over a decade, during which more Roman armies were destroyed on the battlefield.

Roman and Numidian forces under the leadership of the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio and his Numidian ally, Masinissa, defeat a combined army of Carthaginians and their Numidian allies under the command of Hannibal and forces Carthage to capitulate.

* A Vandal fleet and their allies ( Alans, Goths and Moors ) set out from Carthage for Sicily, the principal supplier of oil and grain to Italy after the loss of North Africa.

During the first Punic War, the ancient Ligurians were divided, some of them siding with Carthage and a minority with Rome, whose allies included the future Genoese.

* Carthage should not make war on Syracuse and their allies

The riches collected from the Carthaginian camp, as well as the 2, 000 talents of silver that resulted from the peace treaty with Carthage, were dispersed by Gelo among his troops and his allies, with a large amount designated for the construction of a new temple in Syracuse.

Desiring to prevent Philip from aiding Carthage in Italy and elsewhere, Rome sought out land allies in Greece.

The Celtiberians were the most influential ethnic group in pre-Roman Iberia, but they had their largest impact on history during the Second Punic War, during which they became the ( perhaps unwilling ) allies of Carthage in its conflict with Rome, and crossed the Alps in the mixed forces under Hannibal's command.

In 202 BC Rome defeated Carthage, and was free to turn her attention eastwards, urged on by her Greek allies, Rhodes and Pergamum.

Himera and Rhegion next became allies of Carthage, the tyrants even build up personal relationships with the Magonid dynasty of Carthage.

This occurred during the First Punic War that pitted Rome against Carthage: the Etruscans and Carthaginians were traditional allies ( see Battle of Alalia ).

Obviously, they were the allies of their southern Illyrian compatriots, Ardiaei and the others, but in a lack of more records from the 3rd century BC, related to them, it is supposed that they mostly stayed aside, in the following Roman wars and conflicts with Pyrrhus, Carthage, Macedonia and southern Illyrian state ,< ref > M.

Carthage could keep its African territory but would lose its overseas empire, a fait accompli.

Terence's ethnonym Afer suggests he lived in the territory of the Libyan tribe called by the Romans Afri near Carthage prior to being brought to Rome as a slave.

** Hamilcar Barca, Carthaginian general who has assumed command of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily during the last years of the First Punic War with Rome, helped Carthage win the Mercenary War and brought extensive territory in the Iberian Peninsula under Carthaginian control ( b. c. 270 BC )

The Selinuntines are again mentioned in 397 BCE as declaring in favor of Dionysius during his war with Carthage ; but both the city and territory were again given up to the Carthaginians by the peace of 383 BCE ( Id.

During the First Punic War we again find Selinunte subject to Carthage, and its territory was repeatedly the theater of military operations between the contending powers.

The war was a much smaller engagement than the two previous Punic Wars and focused mainly on the Siege of Carthage, which resulted in the complete destruction of the city, the annexation of all remaining Carthaginian territory by Rome, and the death or enslavement of the entire Carthaginian population.

* Hamilcar Barca, Carthaginian general who has assumed command of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily during the last years of the First Punic War with Rome, helped Carthage win the Mercenary War and brought extensive territory in the Iberian Peninsula under Carthaginian control ( b. c. 270 BC )

The name Numidia was first applied by Polybius and other historians during the third century BC to indicate the territory west of Carthage, including the entire north of Algeria as far as the river Mulucha ( Muluya ), about 100 miles west of Oran.

At the time of his death in 148 BC, Masinissa's territory extended from Mauretania to the boundary of the Carthaginian territory, and also southeast as far as Cyrenaica, so that Numidia entirely surrounded Carthage ( Appian, Punica, 106 ) except towards the sea.

Hamilcar commanded Carthaginian expedition to Spain in 237 BC, and for 8 years expanded the territory of Carthage in Spain before dying in battle in 228 BC.

This enabled Masinissa to encroach on the remaining Carthaginian territory as long as he judged that Rome wished to see Carthage further weakened.

All through his reign, Masinissa extended his territory, and he was cooperating with Rome when, towards the end of his life, he provoked Carthage to go to war against him.

According to the terms of the treaty signed between Scipio and Carthage, Carthage could keep its African territory, but would lose its overseas empire, by that time a fait-accompli.

Throughout their existence, they lost territory to Magna Graecia, Carthage and Gaul.

Carthage paid 2, 000 silver talents as indemnity, erected two monuments in the memory of Himera, but lost no territory.

Concerned about the possibility of a large, disgruntled, mercenary force encamped near Carthage, Gesco, the Carthaginian commandant responsible for transporting the mercenaries from Sicily, attempted to deploy the mercenaries throughout Carthaginian territory.

After its victory, Rome rewarded Utica by granting it an expanse of territory stretching from Carthage to Hippo.

The king Masinissa added Syphax's former territory to his eastern kingdom Massylii as a reward gained through military victory against Carthage.

Later, their territory is occupied by Agnias, King of Carthage, but the Kittim end up appointing Zepho, son of Eliphaz and grandson of Esau, as their king, with the title Janus Saturnus.

It was the first comprehensive study that analyzed the whole history and culture of the Ancient Middle East ( that was determined by Turayev as a territory from Central Asia and Iran in the East to Carthage in the West ).

In 403 BC, Dionysius of Syracuse, deeming himself secure from the power of Carthage as well as from domestic sedition, determined to turn his arms against the Chalcidic cities of Sicily ; and having made himself master of Naxos by the treachery of their general Procles, he sold all the inhabitants as slaves and destroyed both the walls and buildings of the city, while he bestowed its territory upon the neighbouring Siculi.

After the sojourn in Carthage, the Trojans returned to Sicily where Aeneas organizes funeral games to honor his father, who had died a year before.

After concluding peace with Carthage in 306 BC, Agathocles styled himself king of Sicily in 304 BC, and established his rule over the Greek cities of the island more firmly than ever.

A peace treaty with Carthage left him in control of Sicily east of the Halycus River.

The main blockade targets were the important ports, since neither Carthage nor Rome were based in Sicily and both needed continuous reinforcements and communication with the mainland.

Meanwhile, Carthage had begun to build a mercenary army in Africa which was to be shipped to Sicily to meet the Romans.

In past wars on the island of Sicily, Carthage had won out by relying on certain fortified strong-points throughout the island, and their plan was to conduct the land war in the same fashion.

Seeking a swifter end to the war than the long sieges in Sicily would have provided, Rome decided to invade the Carthaginian colonies of Africa and usurp Carthage's supremacy in the Mediterranean Sea, consequently forcing Carthage to accept its terms.

At this point ( 247 BC ), Carthage sent general Hamilcar Barca ( Hannibal's father ) to Sicily.

Without naval support, Hamilcar Barca was cut off from Carthage and forced to negotiate peace and agree to evacuate Sicily.

Consequently, Carthage was able to reinforce and re-supply its besieged strongholds, especially Lilybaeum, on the western end of Sicily.

* Carthage evacuates Sicily and small islands west of it ( Aegadian Islands ).

* Carthage transfers a group of small islands north of Sicily ( Aeolian Islands and Ustica ) to Rome.

* Carthage evacuates all of the small islands between Sicily and Africa ( Pantelleria, Linosa, Lampedusa, Lampione and Malta ).

Five Greek cities in Sicily defect from Carthage to Rome.

As a result of the recent losses, Carthage endeavors to strengthen its garrisons in Sicily and recapture Agrigentum.

After his defection, Alcibiades claimed to the Spartans that the Athenians planned to use Sicily as a springboard for the conquest of all of Italy and Carthage, and to use the resources and soldiers from these new conquests to conquer the Peloponnese.

With the two powers now embroiled in the conflict, tensions quickly escalated into a full-scale war between Carthage and Rome for the control of Sicily.

In 241 BC, Carthage signed a peace treaty under the terms of which they evacuated Sicily and paid Rome a large war indemnity.

This resulted in delay of payments owed to the mercenary troops that had served Carthage in Sicily, leading to a climate of mutual mistrust and, finally, a revolt supported by the Libyan natives, known as the Mercenary War ( 240 – 238 BC ).

Between 1030 and 1035, Pisa went on to defeat several rival towns in Sicily and conquer Carthage in North Africa.

The victory over Carthage in the First Punic War brought the first two provinces outside the Italian peninsula, Sicily and Corsica et Sardinia.

At around 750 BC, Sicily became a Greek colony and for the next 600 years it was the site of the Greek-Punic and Roman-Punic wars, which ended with the Roman destruction of Carthage.

Then in the early 4th century BC, the tyrant Dionysius the Elder was again at war against Carthage and, although losing Gela and Camarina, kept that power from capturing the whole of Sicily.

* 406 BC: The Carthaginians once again invade Sicily and return to Carthage with spoils of war, but also with the plague.

Carthage under Hamilcar tries to intervene but a force under the Roman general and consul Marcus Atilius Regulus and his colleague Lucius Manlius Vulso Longus defeat the Carthaginian fleet in the Battle of Cape Ecnomus off the southern coast of Sicily.