The fall of Rome, the discovery of precious metals, and the Protestant Reformation were all links and could only be explained and understood by comprehending the links that preceded and those that followed.

Some scholars believe that the apologetic view of Luke ’ s work is overemphasized and that it should not be regarded as a “ major aim of the Lucan writings .” While Munck believes that purpose of Luke ’ s work is not that clear-cut and sympathizes with other claims, he believes that Luke ’ s work can function as an apology only in the sense that it “ presents a defense of Christianity and Paul ” and may serve to “ clarify the position of Christianity within Jewry and within the Roman Empire .” Pervo disagrees that Luke ’ s work is an apology and even that it could possibly be addressed to Rome because he believes that “ Luke and Acts speak to insiders, believers in Jesus .” Freedman believes that Luke is writing an apology but that his goal is “ not to defend the Christian movement as such but to defend God ’ s ways in history .”

A dispute between Caesar and the Senate of Rome culminated in Caesar marching his army on Rome and forcing Pompey, accompanied by much of the Roman Senate, to flee from Italy to Greece in 49 BC where he could better conscript an army to face his former ally.

In the 1930s Italy designed the world's only triple decker bus for the busy route between Rome and Tivoli that could carry eighty-eight passengers.

The phrase soprano maschio ( male soprano ), which could also mean falsettist, occurs in the Due Dialoghi della Musica of Luigi Dentini, an Oratorian priest, published in Rome in 1553.

Also, a Praetor could exercise the functions of the Consuls throughout Rome, but their main function was that of a judge.

According to Cassius Dio, living Emperors could be worshipped as divine in the east and dead Emperors could be worshipped as divine in Rome.

A story is told of a miracle whereby they were partially successful: Knowing that they could not smuggle her whole body out of Rome, they decided to take only her head which they placed in a bag.

The evidence from the ancient historians could also converge with evidence from other fields, such as archeology: for example, evidence that many senators fled Rome at the time, that the battles of Caesar ’ s civil war occurred, and so forth.

Throwing dice for money was the cause of many special laws in Rome ; one of these stated that no lawsuit could be filed by a person who allowed gambling in his house, even if he had been cheated or assaulted.

However, writing in the Vatican newspaper, the astronomer, Father José Gabriel Funes, director of the Vatican Observatory near Rome, said in 2008 that intelligent beings created by God could exist in outer space.

That visit could not be the one referred to in the Book of Acts 27: 7, when Paul was on his voyage to Rome as a prisoner, and where he continued a prisoner for two years.

The importance and meaning of coronation ceremonies and regalia also varied within the tradition: for instance Holy Roman Emperors could only be crowned emperor by the pope, which meant the coronation ceremony usually took place in Rome, often several years after these emperors had ascended to the throne ( as " king ") in their home country.

Ruling monarchs could additionally steer the succession by adoption, as often occurred in the two first centuries of Imperial Rome.

Pope Benedict XVI said of both Ignatius of Loyola and Francis Xavier: " not only their history which was interwoven for many years from Paris and Rome, but a unique desire — a unique passion, it could be said — moved and sustained them through different human events: the passion to give to God-Trinity a glory always greater and to work for the proclamation of the Gospel of Christ to the peoples who had been ignored.

" A deeply religious man, working in Counter Reformation Rome, Bernini used light as an important metaphorical device in the perception of his religious settings, often using hidden light sources that could intensify the focus of religious worship, or enhance the dramatic moment of a sculptural narrative.

But the papal party had gladly sent him, thinking that through him a union in doctrine could be brought about, while the interest of Rome could be attended to later.

Expecting Hannibal to advance on Rome, Gnaeus Servilius and Gaius Flaminius ( the new consuls of Rome ) took their armies to block the eastern and western routes Hannibal could use.

He had now disposed of the only field force that could check his advance upon Rome, but, realizing that without siege engines, he could not hope to take the capital, he preferred to exploit his victory by entering into central and southern Italy and encouraging a general revolt against the sovereign power.

However, inadequately supported by his Italian allies, abandoned by his government ( either because of jealousy or simply because Carthage was overstretched ), and unable to match Rome ’ s resources, Hannibal slowly began losing ground, never able to bring about another grand decisive victory that could produce a lasting strategic change.

This Greek abacus saw use in Achaemenid Persia, the Etruscan civilization, Ancient Rome and, until the French Revolution, the Western Christian world.

During the struggle of the Aetolians against Rome, it stood a stubborn siege, including the first known use of poison gas against the Romans ' siege tunnels.

His last group of operas, composed for Rome, exhibit a deeper poetic feeling, a broad and dignified style of melody, a strong dramatic sense, especially in accompanied recitatives, a device which he himself had been the first to use as early as 1686 ( Olimpia vendicata ) and a much more modern style of orchestration, the horns appearing for the first time, and being treated with striking effect.

In the letter William Louis discusses the use of ranks by soldiers of Imperial Rome as discussed in Aelian's Tactica.

The abbreviators found it to their own convenience and interest to use the abbreviated form, and especially was this the case at Rome.

One branch of the ritualistic movement argued that both ' Romanisers ' ( by imitating the Church of Rome ) and their Evangelical opponents ( by imitating Reformed churches ) transgressed the Ornaments Rubric of 1559, ' that such Ornaments of the Church, and of the Ministers thereof, at all Times of their Ministration, shall be retained, and be in use, as were in this Church of England, by the Authority of Parliament, in the Second Year of the Reign of King Edward the Sixth '.

Even though Rome abandoned its Britannic provinces around 400 AD, the Germanic mercenarieswho had largely become instrumental in enforcing Roman rule in Britanniaacquired ownership of land there and continued to use a mixture of Roman and Teutonic Law, with much written down under the early Anglo-Saxon Kings.

The Church of Rome continued to use an 84-year lunisolar calendar cycle from the late 3rd century until 457.

The emblem ’ s popularity during the French Revolution is due in part to its importance in ancient Rome: its use alludes to the Roman ritual of manumission of slaves, in which a freed slave receives the bonnet as a symbol of his newfound liberty.

He began by making use of Cola di Rienzo ( former leader of the citizenship freedom in Rome ), whose release from prison at Avignon he secured.

This positive use carried over from Hellenic philosophy into Greek Orthodoxy as a critical characteristic of ascetic practices, through St. Clement of Alexandria, Irenaeus, Hippolytus of Rome, Hegesippus, and Origen.

Other sources report that Hannibal told his father, " I swear so soon as age will permit ... I will use fire and steel to arrest the destiny of Rome.

The taboo against incest in Ancient Rome is demonstrated by the fact that politicians would use charges of incest ( often false charges ) as insults and means of political disenfranchisement.

He also updated the Psalter containing the Book of Psalms then at use in Rome based on the Septuagint.

St. Augustine made use of the figure of Lucretia in The City of God to defend the honour of Christian women who had been raped in the sack of Rome and had not committed suicide.

Many textbooks about Ancient Rome and Greece use the macron even if it was not actually used at that time.

With the recent election of Benedict XVI in 2005, his personal coat of arms eliminated the papal tiara ; a mitre with three horizontal lines is used in its place, with the pallium, a papal symbol of authority more ancient than the tiara, the use of which is also granted to metropolitan archbishops as a sign of communion with the See of Rome, was added underneath of the shield.

( It is common, however, for publications to use " Holy See ", " Vatican / Vatican City ", and even " Rome " interchangeably, and incorrectly.

In the list of more important bulls issued by him the famous bull " In Coena Domini " ( 1568 ) takes a leading place ; but amongst others throwing light on Pope Pius V's character and policy there may be mentioned his prohibition of quaestuary ( February 1567 and January 1570 ); the condemnation of Michael Baius, the heretical Professor of Leuven ( 1567 ); the reform of the breviary ( July 1568 ); the denunciation of the " dirum nefas " ( August 1568 ); the banishment of the Jews from the ecclesiastical dominions except Rome and Ancona ( 1569 ); the injunction of the use of the reformed missal ( July 1570 ); the confirmation of the privileges of the Society of Crusaders for the protection of the Inquisition ( October 1570 ); the dogmatic certainty of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary ( November 1570 ); the suppression of the Fratres Humiliati for profligacy ( February 1571 ); the approbation of the new office of the Blessed Virgin ( March 1571 ); the enforcement of the daily recitation of the Canonical Hours ( September 1571 ); and the purchase of assistance against the Turks by offers of plenary pardon ( March 1572 ).

He turned his family mansion in Rome into a monastery, St. Agatha in Suburra, endowing it with expensive and precious vessels for use at the altar, and also established a new church, dedicated to Sant ' Eustachio.

The conflict began after both Rome and Carthage intervened in Messana, the Sicilian city closest to the Italian peninsula.

Another possibility is that Rome received technical assistance from its seafaring Sicilian ally, Syracuse.

He recounted its influence in a documentary on Italian neorealism, and commented on how Bicycle Thieves alongside Paisà, Rome, Open City inspired him and how this influenced his view or portrayal of his Sicilian genes.

During the Sicilian war against Sextus Pompeius in 36, Maecenas was sent back to Rome, and was entrusted with supreme administrative control in the city and in Italy.

In 348 BC, Carthage and Rome came to terms over the Sicilian Wars with a treaty defining their mutual interests.

Loren was born in the Clinica Regina Margherita in Rome, Italy, daughter of Romilda Villani ( 1914 – 1991 ) and Riccardo Scicolone, a construction engineer of Sicilian and Venetian origins.

He steered a middle course between the factions at Rome and sought a settlement of the Sicilian question.

In 1997, Italian prosecutors in Rome implicated a member of the Sicilian Mafia, Giuseppe Calò, in Calvi's murder, along with Flavio Carboni, a Sardinian businessman with wide ranging interests.

* By this stage in the Punic War, Carthage has lost to Rome all its Sicilian possessions except Lilybaeum ( now Marsala ) and Drepanum ( now Trapani ).

In 263BC, with his colleague Manius Otacilius ( or Octaciius ) Crassus, he gained a brilliant victory over the Carthaginians and Syracusans: more than sixty of the Sicilian towns acknowledged the supremacy of Rome, and the consuls concluded a peace treaty with Hiero, which lasted the remainder of his long life.

To commemorate his Sicilian victory, he arranged for it to be pictorially represented on the wall of the Curia Hostilia, the first example of an historical fresco at Rome.

*-( a ) n ( countries / continents: Africa → African, Albania → Albanian, Algeria → Algerian, America → American, Andorra → Andorran, Angola → Angolan, Antigua → Antiguan, Armenia → Armenian, Asia → Asian, Australia → Australian, Austria → Austrian, Barbados → Bajan, Bolivia → Bolivian, Bosnia → Bosnian, Brunei → Bruneian, Bulgaria → Bulgarian, Cambodia → Cambodian, Chile → Chilean, Colombia → Colombian, Costa Rica → Costa Rican, Croatia → Croatian ( also " Croat "), Cuba → Cuban, Dalmatia → Dalmatian, El Salvador → Salvadoran, Eritrea → Eritrean, Estonia → Estonian, Ethiopia → Ethiopian, Europe → European, Equestria → Equestrian, Fiji → Fijian, Gambia → Gambian, Georgia → Georgian, Germany → German, Guatemala → Guatemalan, Guinea → Guinean, Haiti → Haitian, Honduras → Honduran, Hungary → Hungarian, India → Indian, Indonesia → Indonesian, Italy → Italian, Jamaica → Jamaican, Kenya → Kenyan, / South Korea → / South Korean, Latvia → Latvian, Liberia → Liberian, Libya → Libyan, Lithuania → Lithuanian, Macedonia → Macedonian, Malawi → Malawian, Malaysia → Malaysian, Mali → Malian, Mauritania → Mauritanian, Mauritius → Mauritian, Mexico → Mexican, Micronesia → Micronesian, Moldova → Moldovan, Mongolia → Mongolian, Morocco → Moroccan, Mozambique → Mozambican, Namibia → Namibian, Nauru → Nauruan, Nicaragua → Nicaraguan, Nigeria → Nigerian, Palau → Palauan, Paraguay → Paraguayan, Puerto Rico → Puerto Rican, Romania → Romanian, Russia → Russian, Saint Lucia → Saint Lucian, Samoa → Samoan, Saudi Arabia → Saudi Arabian, Serbia → Serbian ( also " Serb "), Singapore → Singaporean, Slovakia → Slovakian, Slovenia → Slovenian ( also " Slovene "), South Africa → South African, Sri Lanka → Sri Lankan, Syria → Syrian, Tanzania → Tanzanian, Tonga → Tongan, Tunisia → Tunisian, Tuvalu → Tuvaluan, Uganda → Ugandan, United States of America → American, Uruguay → Uruguayan, Venezuela → Venezuelan, Zambia → Zambian, Zimbabwe → Zimbabwean ; cities / states: Alaska → Alaskan, Alexandria → Alexandrian, Andalusia → Andalusian, Arizona → Arizonan, Atlanta → Atlantan, Baltimore → Baltimorean, Bavaria → Bavarian, Bohemia → Bohemian, California → Californian, Catalonia → Catalan, Chicago → Chicagoan, Cincinnati → Cincinnatian, Corsica → Corsican, Crete → Cretan, El Paso → El Pasoan, Galicia → Galician, Hanoi ( Vietnam ) → Hanoian, Hawaii → Hawaiian, Iowa → Iowan, Karelia → Karelian, Kiev → Kievan, Madeira → Madeiran, Miami → Miamian, Minneapolis → Minneapolitan, Minnesota → Minnesotan, Moravia → Moravian, Nebraska → Nebraskan, Nova Scotia → Nova Scotian, Ottawa → Ottawan, Pennsylvania → Pennsylvanian, Philadelphia → Philadelphian, Pomerania → Pomeranian, Regina → Reginan, Riga → Rigan, Rome → Roman, San Antonio → San Antonian, San Diego → San Diegan, San Francisco → San Franciscan, San Jose → San Josean, Sardinia → Sardinian, Silesia → Silesian, Sicily → Sicilian, Sofia → Sofian, Sumatra → Sumatran, Tahiti → Tahitian, Tasmania → Tasmanian, Transylvania → Transylvanian, Tucson → Tucsonan, Tulsa → Tulsan, Utah → Utahn, Victoria → Victorian, Wallachia → Wallachian )

Giulio Cesare Andrea Evola was born in Rome to a noble Sicilian family.

The most talented architects active in Rome — Francesco de Sanctis ( Spanish Steps, 1723 ) and Filippo Raguzzini ( Piazza Sant ' Ignazio, 1727 )— had little influence outside their native country, as did numerous practitioners of the Sicilian Baroque, including Giovanni Battista Vaccarini, Andrea Palma, and Giuseppe Venanzio Marvuglia.

In 1860 he went to Sicily on a mission to reconcile the policy of Cavour ( who desired the immediate incorporation of the island in the kingdom of Italy ) with that of Giuseppe Garibaldi, who wished to postpone the Sicilian plebiscite until after the liberation of Naples and Rome.

* Appian, History of Rome: The Sicilian Wars.

The defection of several Sicilian towns from Rome had alarmed Pinarius the governor of Enna, lest the citizens of that place should follow their example ; and in order to forestall the apprehended treachery, he with the Roman garrison fell upon the citizens when assembled in the theater, and put them all to the sword without distinction, after which he gave up the city to be plundered by his soldiers.

Upon the fall of Rome he returned to Malta, accumulating arms and stores, which he conveyed to Sicily, alter having worked with Crispi to prepare the Sicilian revolution of 1860.